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Title
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
I Introduction
II Review of Literature
III Materials and Methods
3.1 Area of Study
3.2 Productivity Parameters
3.3 Environmental Parameters
3.4 Chemical Parameters
3.5 Productivity Parameters
3.6 Microbial Analysis
3.7 Soil and Sediment Analysis
3.8 Analysis of Water holding Capacity
3.9 Agronomic Parameters
3.10 Profitability
3.11 Sustainability
IV Results
4.1 Productivity
TABLES
I.i Rice yield indicators in the experimental polder. Under rice fish system
FIGURES
I.1 Rice productivity 2000-01
I.2 Variation in realised rice yield in the rice fish system
I.ii Rice production performance
I.ii. a. Comparison of weed biomass
I.iii Productivity of fish in a rice-fish rotational system (Anthonykayal North-Kuttanad)
I.3 Productivity of fish in rice-fish rotational system
I.iv Growth performance of various fish species in the rice-fish rotational system 2000-2001
I.4 Average daily biomass gain (wt.)
I.5 Survival rate
I.v Production performance of fish under rice-fish farming system (2000-2001)
I.vi Relative performance of different fish species in rice-fish systems (1997-2003)
I.6 Relative performance of fish species in rice-fish system
I.7 Fish species combination and yield
I.vii Stocking density and survival rate of fishes (%) in a rice-fish rotational farming system (Anthonykayal north Kuttanad)
I.viii Fish survival Biomass accrual rice-fish system
I.8 (a) Biomass accrual
(b) Percentage survival
I.9 Feed ingredients & Composition
I.ix Food conversion rate of a rice-fish rotational system - Anthonykayal North-Kuttanad
I x Length weight relationship of fish in the rice-fish rotational system (2000-01)
I.xi Length weight relationship of fish in the rice-fish rotational system 2001-02
I.10 Growth Analysis (b - value)
I.11 Growth curves
4.2 Environment
II.i Attributes of soil environment
II.ii Physico-Chemical parameters of rice-fish rotational field- during straw decomposition period (2000-01)
II.iii Correlation table - Water surface
II.iv Correlation table - Water bottom
II.1 Variation dissolved oxygen during straw decomposition
II.v Correlation table during fish farming season (2000-01)
II.vi Correlation table of wet fallows (2000-01)
II.2 Physico-chemical parameters of rice-fish rotational system during straw decomposition
II.3 Physico-chemical parameters of rice-fish rotational system during fish farming system
II.4 Physico-chemical parameters of rice-fish rotational system of wet fallows
II.vii Sediment characteristics - rice-fish rotational farming system
II.viii Sediment characteristics - wet land rice field
II.5 Variation of organic carbon - Sediment
II ix Correlation matrix - rice-fish surface water
II. x Correlation matrix - rice-fish- bottom water
II.xi Correlation matrix - rice-fallow wet land surface water
II. xii Correlation matrix rice-fallow wet land bottom water
II.xii Productivity parameters
(a) Rice-fish rotational system
(b) Rice-fellow system.
II.6 Phytoplankton in wet-land paddy field
II.7 Zooplankton in wet-land paddy field
II.8 Phytoplankton in rice-fish rotational field
II.9 Zooplankton in rice-fish rotational field
II.xiv Correlation matrix of productivity rice-fish rotational
II.xv Correlation matrix of productivity fish only
4.3 Profitability
III.i Average cost of production of paddy in a rice-fish rotational vs. rice monoculture
III.1 Input wise cost of cultivation of rice
III.2 Operation - wise cost of cultivation of rice
III.3 Comparison of profit
III.4 Cost of production of rice under rice-fish rotational system
III.5 Productivity of fish in a rice-fish rotational system
III.ii Annual returns from rice-fish Anthonykayal North-Kuttanad
III.iii Input wise cost of fish in rice-fish rotational farming
III.6 Input-wise cost of fish in rice-fish rotational system
III.iv Operation wise cost offish in rice-fish rotational system.
III.7 Operation wise cost of fish in the rice-fish rotational system
III.8 Sustainability index of marginal farmers
III.9 Sustainability index of small farmers
PLATES
Plate: 1 The study area - Rice fish rotational system
Plate: 2 Farmers with a good catch of fishes from the rice-fish rotational farm
Plate: 3 Rice-fish rotational system - Immediately after fish harvest Ready for paddy cultivation
Plate: 4 Rice-fish rotational system - Immediately after fish harvest - Ready for paddy cultivation
Plate: 5 Rice-fish rotational system - paddy in the tillering stage
Plate: 6 Rice-fish rotational system - paddy ready for harvest
Plate: 7 Rice-fish rotational system Immediately after paddy harvest - tubbles and straw
Plate: 8 Farmers and researchers checking the size of fingerlings in the nursery
Plate: 9 Rice monoculture field - Hand weeding
Plate: 10: Weed Growth - Rice monoculture field
V Discussion
5.1 Productivity
5.2 Rice Yield Parameters
5.3 Other Yield Parameters
5.4 Weed Biomass in the early periods of Rice Cultivation
5.5 Pest Control
5.6 Fish Productivity
5.7 Species Performance / Growth Performance Analysis
5.8 Fish Growth Analysis
5.9 Food Conversion Rate
5.10 Plankton and Primary Productivity
5.11 Environmental Attributes
5.12 Environmental Superiority of the Integrated farming System
5.13 Organic Enrichment
5.14 Weed Control
5.15 Pest Control
5.16 Economic Perspective: Profitability
5.17 Sustainability Perspective
VI Summary and Conclusion
BIBILIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX