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  • TITLE
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • CONTENTS
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF FIGURES
  • LIST OF APPENDICES
  • ABSTRACT
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
  • 1.2. NEED AND SIGNlFlCANCE OF THE STUDY
  • 1.3. THE PROBLEM FOR INVESTIGATION
  • 1.4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
  • 1.4.1. Overall Parental Pressure (OPP)
  • 1.4.2. Perceived Parental Pressure (PPP)
  • 1.4.3. Academic Interest (AInt)
  • 1.4.4. Actual Academic Achievement (AAch)
  • 1.4.5. Self-esteem
  • 1.4.6. Creativity
  • 1.4.6.1. Overall Creativity
  • 1.4.6.2. Non-verbal Creativity (nvCr)
  • 1.4.6.3. Verbal Creativity (vCr)
  • 1.4.7. Socio-economic Status (SES)
  • 1.4.8. Type of school
  • 1.4.9. Children
  • 1.4.10. First -born and Later-born
  • 1.4.11. Mothers employment
  • 1.5. OBJECTIVES
  • 1.6. HYPOTHESES
  • 2. REVlEW OF LITERATURE
  • 2.1. PARENTING VARIABLES RELATED TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
  • 2.1.1. Parenting Styles
  • 2.1.1.1. Classification of Parenting Styles
  • 2.1.1.2. Parenting Style and Academic Achievement
  • 2.1.2. Parental Involvement in Studies
  • 2.1.2.1. Conceptualisation of Parental Involvement
  • 2.1.2.2. Types of Involvement
  • 2.1.2.3. Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement
  • 2.1.2.3.1. Process Involved
  • 2.1.2.3.2. Inner resources for Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspective
  • 2.1.2.3.3.The Parenting Environment Promoting lnner Resources
  • 2.1.3. Parental Expectations and Academic Achievement
  • 2.1.4. Parental Academic Pressure in Relation to Academic Achievement and Psychological Maladjustment in Children
  • 2.1.5. Evaluation of Literature and Relevance of the Present Study
  • 2.2. SELF-ESTEEM
  • 2.2.1. Conceptualisation of Self-esteem
  • 2.2.2. Components/Dimensions of Self-esteem
  • 2.2.3. The Antecedents of Self-esteem
  • 2.2.4. Parenting Behaviours/Attitudes and Self-esteem
  • 2.2.5. Self-esteem and Academic Achievement
  • 2.2.6. Gender Differences and Self-esteem
  • 2.2.7. Socio-economic Status and Self-esteem
  • 2.2.8. Evaluation of Literature and Relevance of the Present Study
  • 2.3. CREATIVITY
  • 2.3.1. Conceptualisation of Creativity
  • 2.3.1.1. Definition
  • 2.3.1.2. The Creative Process
  • 2.3.2. Parenting Environmenat and Creativity
  • 2.3.2.1. Psychological Climate and Creativity
  • 2.3.2.2. Parent-Child Relationship and Creativity
  • 2.3.3. Other Correlates of Creativity
  • 2.3.3.1. Socio-economic Status and Creativity
  • 2.3.3.2. Gender Differences and Creativity
  • 2.3.3.3. Academic Achievement and Creativity
  • 2.3.3.4. Self-esteem and Creativity
  • 2.3.4. Evaluation of Literature and Relevance of the Present Study
  • 3. METHOD
  • 3.1. THE SAMPLE
  • 1. Split-up of the Sample
  • 3.2. THE TOOLS
  • 3.2.1. Development of Inventories: PPI, PPPl and All
  • 3.2.1.1. Item Preparation
  • 3.2.1.2. Item Analysis
  • 3.2.1.3. Reliability and Validity
  • 2. Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficients of the Newly Constructed Tests
  • 3.2.2. Parental Pressure Inventory (PPI)
  • 3.2.2.1. Scoring Pattern
  • 3.2.3. Perceived Parental Pressure Inventory (PPPI)
  • 3.2.3.1. Scoring
  • 3.2.4. The Academic Interest Inventory (All)
  • 3.2.4.1. Scoring
  • 3.2.5. Self-esteem Inventory
  • 3.2.5.1. Scoring
  • 3.2.5.2. Reliability and Validity
  • 3.2.6. Creativity Test
  • 3.2.6.1. Reliability and Validity
  • 3.2.6.2. Scoring
  • 3.2.7. Personal Data Questionnaire
  • 3.2.7.1. Scoring
  • 3.3. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
  • 3.4. STATISTlCAL TECHNIQUES
  • 3.4.1. Correlation
  • 3.4.2. Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation
  • 3.4.3. Analysis of Covariance and Duncans Multiple Range Test
  • 3.4.4. Test
  • 4. RESULTS
  • 4.1. SECTION I: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STUDY VARIABLES
  • 4.1.1. Correlation between OPP and its Components and PPP, AInt, AAch, Self-esteem, and Overall Creativity and its Dimensions
  • 4.1.1.1. Correlation between OPP, its Components and PPP
  • 3. Correlation of OPP and its Components with Dependent Variables
  • 4.1.1.2. Correlation between OPP, its Components and AInt
  • 4.1.1.3. Correlation between OPP, its Components and AAch
  • 4.1.1.4. Correlation between OPP, its Components and Self-esteem
  • 4.1.1.5. Correlation between OPP, its Components and Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr and its Dimensions
  • 4.1.2. Correlation between OPP, its Components and SES Variables
  • 4. Correlation of OPP and its Components with SES Variables
  • 4.1.3. Intercorrelation among the Dependent Variables and the SES Variables
  • 4.1.3.1. Correlation between PPP and SES Variables
  • 5. Inter-correlation among the Variables Related to OPP
  • 4.1.3.2. Correlation between PPP and AInt
  • 4.1.3.3. Correlation between PPP and AAch
  • 4.1.3.4. Correlation between PPP and Self-esteem
  • 4.1.3.5. Correlation between PPP and Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr andits Dimensions
  • 4.1.3.6. Correlation between AInt and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 4.1.3.7. Correlation between AInt and AAch
  • 4.1.3.8. Correlation between AInt and Self-esteem
  • 4.1.3.9. Correlation between Alnt and Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr, andits Dimensions
  • 4.1.3.10. Correlation between Self-esteem, and Overall SES and itsVariables
  • 4.1.3.11. Correlation between Self-esteem, and Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr and its Dimensions
  • 4.1.3.12. Correlation between AAch, and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 4.1.3.13. Correlation between Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr and itsDimensions and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 4.1.3.14. Correlation between AAch and Self-esteem
  • 4.1.3.15. Correlation between AAch, Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr and its Dimensions
  • 4.2. SECTION II: PREDICTION OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES FROM A GROUP OF STUDY VARIABLES AND THEIR PARTIAL CORRELATION
  • 4.2.1. Prediction of PPP from Combined Study Variables and its PartialCorrelation
  • 6. Results of the Analysis of Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation of PPP
  • 4.2.2. Prediction of Alnt from Combined Predictor Variables and its Partial Correlation
  • 7. Results of the Analysis of Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation of Alnt
  • 4.2.3. Prediction of AAch from Combined Predictor Variables and itsPartial Correlation
  • 8. Results of the Analysis of Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation of AAch
  • 4.2.4. Prediction of Self-esteem from Combined Predictor Variables andits Partial Correlation
  • 9. Results of the Analysis of Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation of Self-esteem
  • 4.2.5. Prediction of Over-all Creativity from Combined Predictor Variables and their Partial Correlation
  • 10. Results of the Analysis of Multiple Regression and Partial Correlation of Overall Creativity
  • 1. Figure Showing the Relationship between the Dependent Variables and their Predictor Variables
  • 4.3. SECTION IlI: COMPARISON OF STUDY VARIABLES BASED ON TYPE OF SCHOOLS
  • 11. Comparison of Group Means, Standard Deviations and F- values for SES Scores based on Type of School
  • 4.3.1. Comparison of OPP and its Components based on Type of School
  • 12. Results of Analysis of Covariance of OPP and its Components
  • 13. Results of Multiple Range Test with Group Means and Standard Deviations of OPP and its Components
  • 4.3.2. Comparison of PPP based on Type of school
  • 14. Results of Analysis of Covariance of PPP
  • 15. Results of Multiple Range Test with Group Means and Standard Deviations of PPP
  • 4.3.3. Comparison of AInt based on Type of school
  • 16. Results of Analysis of Covariance of Alnt
  • 4.3.4. Comparison vfAAch based on Type of School
  • 17. Results of Analysis of Covariance of AAch
  • 18. Results of Multiple Range Test with Means and Standard Deviations of AAch
  • 4.3.5. Comparison Self-esteem based on Type of School
  • 19. Results of Analysis of Covariance of Self-esteem
  • 20. Results of Multiple Range best with Means and Standard Deviations of Self-esteem
  • 4.3.6. Comparison of Creativity based on Type of School
  • 21. Results of Analysis of Covariance of Creativity
  • 22. Results of Multiple Range Test with Group Means and Standard Deviations of Creativity
  • 2. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Study Variables for Children from Three Types of Schools
  • 4.4. SECTION IV: COMPARlSON OF STUDY VARIABLES BASED ON GENDER, MOTHERS EMPLOYMENT, AND BIRTH ORDER
  • 4.4.1. Comparison of Study Variables based on the Gender of Children
  • 23. Comparison of OPP and its Components based on Gender of Children with Means, SDs and t- values
  • 24. Comparison of Dependent Variables based on Gender of Children with Means, SDs and t-values
  • 3. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Study Variables for Boys and Girls
  • 4.4.2. Comparison of OPP, its Components and the Dependent Variables based on Mothers Employment
  • 25. Comparison of Study Variables based on Mothers Employment with Means, SDs and t- values
  • 4. Comparison of the Mean Scores of OPP and its Components for Children of Unemployed and Employed Mothers
  • 5. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Dependent Variables for Children of Unemployed and Employed Mothers
  • 4.4.3. Comparison of OPP, its Components and the Dependent Variables based on &e Birth Order of Children
  • 26. Comparison of Study Variables based on Birth Order of Children with Means, SDs and t-values
  • 6. Comparison of the Mean Scores of the Study Variables based on the Birth Order of Children
  • 4.5. SECTION V: ANALYSIS OFTH RESPONSES TO THE ITEMS OF ACADEMIC INTEREST INVENTORY
  • 5. DISCUSSION
  • 5.1. SECTION I: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STUDY VARIABLES
  • 5.1.1. Correlation between OPP, its Components and PPP
  • 5.1.2. Correlation between OPP, its Components and AInt
  • 5.1.3. Correlation between OPP, its Components and AAch
  • 5.1.4. Correlation between OPP, its Components and Self-esteem
  • 5.1.5. Correlation between OPP its Components and Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr and its Dimensions
  • 5.1.6. Correlation between OPP, its Components and SES Variables
  • 5.1.7. Correlation between PPP and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 5.1.8. Correlation between PPP and Alnt
  • 5.1.9. Correlation beween PPP and AAch
  • 5.1.10. Correlation between PPP and Self-esteem
  • 5.1.11. Correlation between PPP, Overall Creativiy, nvCr, vCr and itsDimensions
  • 5.1.12. Correlation between AInt and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 5.1.13. Correlation between Alnt and AAch
  • 5.1.14. Correlation between Alnt and Self-esteem
  • 5.1.15. Correlation between Alnt, Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr, and its Dimensions
  • 5.1.16. Correlation between Self-esteem, Overall SES and its Variables
  • 4.6.17. Correlation between Self-esteem, Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr, and its Dimensions
  • 5.1.18. Correlation between AAch, Overall SES and its Variables
  • 5.1.19. Correlation between AAch and Self-esteem
  • 5.1.20. Correlation between AAch, Overall Creativity., nvCr, vCr and its Dimensions
  • 5.1.21. Correlation between Overall Creativity, nvCr, vCr, and its Dimensions and Overall SES and its Variables
  • 5.2. SECTION II: PREDICTION OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES FROM A GROUP OF STUDY VARIABLES AND THEIR PARTIAL CORRELATION
  • 5.2.1. Prediction of PPP from a group of combined Study Variables and its Partial Correlation
  • 5.2.2. Prediction of AInt scores from combined Predictor Variables and its Partial Correlatis
  • 5.2.3. Prediction of AAch and its Partial Correlation
  • 5.2.4. Prediction of Self-esteem and its Partial Correlation
  • 5.2.5. Prediction of Overall Creativity and its Partial Correlation
  • 5.3. SECTlON III: COMPARlSON OF STUDY VARIABLES BASED ON TYPE OF SCHOOL
  • 5.3.1. Comparison of OPP and its Components based on Type of School
  • 5.3.2. Comparison of PEP based on Type of School
  • 5.3.3. Comparison of Alnt based on Type of School
  • 5.3.4. Comparison of AAch based on Type of School
  • 5.3.5. Comparison of Self-esteem based on Type of School
  • 5.3.6. Comparison of Creativity scores based on Type of School
  • 5.4. SECTION IV: COMPARISON OF STUDY VARIABLES BASED ON GENDER, MOTHERS EMPLOYMENT AND BIRTH ORDER
  • 5.4.1. Comparison of Study Variables based on the Gender of Children
  • 5.4.2. Comparison of the Study Variables based on Mothers Employment
  • 5.4.3. Comparison of Study Variables based on the Birth Order of children
  • 5.5. SECTION V: ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES TO THE ITEMS OF ACADEMIC INTEREST INVENTORY
  • 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • 6.1. THE PROBLEM FOR INVESTIGATION
  • 6.2. AIM
  • 6.3. HYPOTHESES
  • 6.4. CONCEPTULISATION OF TERMS
  • 6.5. THE SAMPLE
  • 6.6. THE TOOLS
  • 6.7. TREATMENT OF DATA
  • 6.8. RESULTS
  • 6.9. DISCUSSlON
  • 6.10. CONCLUSIONS
  • 6.11. LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY
  • 6.12. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
  • 6.13. IMPLlCATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY / GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • APPENDICES
  • 1. Item Analysis of PPI
  • 2. Item Analysis of PPPI
  • 3. Item Analysis of All
  • 4. Parental Pressure Inventory (PPI)
  • 4 (a) Scoring Key for PPI
  • 5. Perceived Parental Pressure Inventory (PPPI)
  • 5 (a) Scoring Key for PPPI
  • 6. Academic Interest Inventory (All)
  • 6 (a) Scoring Key for All
  • 7. Self-esteem Inventory
  • 8. Non-verbal Test of Creative Thinking
  • 8 (a) Scoring of Creativity Test
  • 9. Personal Data Sheet
  • 10. The Socio-economic Variables and their Scoring
  • 11. Analysis of the Responses of All