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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
1) NIDDM without retinopathy
2) Background diabetic retinopathy (BDR)
3) Pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PPDR)
3.2 Collection and Processing of Blood Sample
3.2.1 Stability of sample
3.2.2 Processing of blood samples
3.3 Storage Stability of Reagents
3.4 Instrumentation
3.5 Calculation of results (Beutler, 1986)
3.6 Determination of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD, D-Glucose-6-Phosphate: NADP* 1-Oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6-PGD, 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate: NAD (P) 2-Oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1 .43) Activity
3.7 Assay of Glutathione Reductase (GR, NADPH: Oxidised Glutathione Oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2)
3.8 Assay of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px, GSH: H2O2 Oxidoreductase, EC 1.11 -1.9)
3.9 Assay of Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18)
3.10 Estimation of Catalase Activity (H2O2: H2O2 Oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6)
3.11 Determination of Superoxide Dismutase Activity (SOD, Superoxide: Superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1. 15.1.1)
3.12 Determination of Transketolase Activity (TK, Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate: D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate GlycolaldehydeTransferase, EC 2.2.1.1)
3.13 Determination of Transaldolase Activity (TA, Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate: D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate DihydroxyacetoneTransferase, EC 2.2.1.2)
3.14 Estimation of Reduced Glutathione Level (GSH)
3.15 Estimation of Haemoglobin
3.16 Estimation of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)
3.17 Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation
3.18 Diene Conjugate Measurement
3.19 Statistical Methods
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Characteristics of the Population Studied
PLATE 1. Diabetic retinopaty showing (Fluorescein angiography)
PLATE 2. Diabetic Retinopathy showing
4.2 Glycosylated Haemoglobin and Metabolic Control of Diabetic Retinopathy
4.3 Lipid Peroxidation and Diabetic Retinopathy
4.4 Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Enzymes and Diabetic Retinopathy
4.5 Glutathione System and Diabetic Retinopathy
4.6 Antioxidant Status in Diabetic Retinopathy
5 GENERAL DISCUSSION
Fig. 5.1 Possible relationship between non-enzymatic glycosylation of protein and diabetic retinopathy
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX