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  • TITLE
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DEDICATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • ABSTRACT
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF FIGURES
  • LIST OF PLATES
  • 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
  • 1.1.Introduction
  • 1.2. Etiology of Cancer
  • 1.3. Characteristics of Cancer Cells
  • 1.4. Different Genetical Routes To Cancer
  • 1.5. Signal Transduction Pathways in Cancer
  • 1.6. Apoptotic Pathway – A Primary Target for Cancer Therapy
  • 1.7. Modalities of Cancer Therapy
  • 1.8. Different Classes of Chemotherapeutics
  • 1.9. The Camptothecin and Analogues
  • 1.10. Secondary Metabolite Production ThroughBiotechnology
  • Scope of the Present Study
  • Fig. 1.1.Acquired capabilities of cancer cell
  • Fig1.3. Different Classes of Plant-DerivedAntitumor Compounds
  • Fig.1.3. Different Clases of Chemotherpeutics
  • Fig.l.6. Mechanism of Action of Camptothecin
  • 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 2.1.Materials
  • 2.2.Methods
  • 2.3. Statistical analysis of data
  • 3. IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF CAMPTOTHECIN
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Materials and Methods
  • 3.3. Results
  • 3.4. Discussion
  • Table.3.1 Comparative Evaluation of CPT Content in O. rugosa and O. pectinata
  • Table.3.2 Effect of combination of BA and NAA on 60 days old multipleshoot cultures
  • Table 3.3 Effect of combination of NAA and BA on rooting (60daysculture)
  • Table.3.4.CPT yield respect to Concentrations of phytohormones
  • Table.3.5.Induction of Shoots from Leaf and Internode Explants ofAlbino and Green Plants on MS Medium with DifferentLevels Of BA (
  • Fig.3.1 & 3.2
  • Fig.3.3 & 3.4
  • Fig.3.5
  • Fig3.6
  • Fig.3.7
  • Fig.3.8
  • Fig.3.10
  • Plate 3.1 A & B
  • Plate.3.1 C & D
  • Plate.3.1.E. Albino Shoots of O. rugosa
  • 4. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTHRAQUINONES FROM IN VITRO CULTURES OF OPHIORRHIZA RUGOSA
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Materials and Methods
  • 4.3. Results
  • 4.4.Discussion
  • Table.4.1.Effect of NAA and BA on Anthraquinone Production byO.rugosa cultures
  • Fig.4.2. UV spectra of four anthraquinones isolated from Ophiorrhizarugosa. The compounds are isolated by thin layer chromatography.
  • Table.4.2. Colors at Different Conditions
  • Fig.4.1. Schematic Diagram of Isolation of AQs
  • 5. ANTITUMOR AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF ANTHRAQUINONE FRACTION OF OPHIORRHIZA RUGOSA
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2.Materials and Method
  • 5.3. Results
  • 5.4.Discussion
  • Table.5.1.a. Effect AQf on Life Span of Ascites Tumor BearingAnimals
  • Fig.5.1.A.% Of superoxide generation
  • Fig.5.1.C & 5.1.D
  • Fig.5.2.a & 5.2. b
  • Fig.5.3. Anitiinflammatory Ac tivity of AQf
  • Plate 5.1.Antitumor Activity of AQf
  • 6. INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY ANTHRAQUINONES OF OPHIORRHIZA RUGOSA
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Materials and Method
  • 6.3. Results
  • Fig.6.1.a. % of cell death in DLA cells by AQ fraction
  • Fig.6.2.a. Cytotoxicity of Four AQs on DLA CellLine
  • Fig. 6.3. Left panel shows the apoptotic DLA cells treatedwith 100��g/ml AQs (After 12hrs of incubation) �
  • Fig. 6.4. Left panel shows the apoptotic DLA cells treatedwith 100��g/ml AQs (After 12hrs of incubation, stained withPropidium iodide) �
  • Fig. 6.5.a.DNA fragmentation in DLA cells treated withAQs (100��g/ml) �
  • Fig.6.6.a. % Superoxide Generation inAqueous Medium by AQs and Emodin
  • Fig. 6.7. Left panel shows the generation of ROS in DLAcells treated with 100��g/ml AQs (After 12hrs of incubation, stained with DCFH-DA) �
  • Fig. 6.8. Caspase activation in DLA cells treated withAQ1 (50��g/ml) �
  • 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
  • Summary and Conclusion
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • LIST OF PUBLICATIONS