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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ANNEXURES
1. Methodology and Design of the Study
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY
1.1 Genesis of the Problem
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Review of Literature
1.5.1 Existing Practices of Mixed Farming
1.5.2 Costs and Benefits in Mixed Farming System
1.5.3 Input Efficiency
1.5.4 Major Constraints of Productivity
1.5.5 Optimum Activity Mix of Dairy with Crops
1.5.6 Gender Dimensions of Mixed Farming
1.5.7 Major Lessons of Review
1.6 Methodology of Data Collection and Analysis
1.6.1 Method of Data Collection
1.6.2 Method of Analysis
1.6.3 Operationalization and Measurement of Critical Variables.
1.6.4 Limitations of the Study
1.7 Organisation of the Study
2. Mixed Farming System – A Theoretical Framework
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. MIXED FARMING SYSTEM – A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Types of Farming System
2.2 Mixed Farming System – Definitions and Determinants
2.3 Ideal Mixed Farming System
2.4 Mixed Farming System in Different Countries
Table 2.1 Agro Ecological Zones and Mixed Farming Systems in Asia
2.5 Conclusions
3. Agrarian Economy and Farming Systems of Kerala
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. AGRARIAN ECONOMY AND FARMING SYSTEMS OF KERALA
3.1 Kerala Economy – An Overview
3.1.1 Historical Legacy
3.1.2 Demographic Features
3.1.3 Economic Parameters
Table 3.1 Demographic Profile-Kerala and India – Sexwise, 2003-04
3.1.4 Kerala Today
3.2 Agrarian Economy of Kerala
3.2.1 Physiography
3.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zones
3.2.3 Cropping Pattern – Major Crops, Area, Yield and Productivity
Table 3.2 Cropping Patterns Followed in Various Physiographic Divisions –Kerala
3.3. Farming Systems in Kerala
Table 3.3 Natural Physiographic Divisions of Kerala.
3.4 Kerala in a Nutshell
4. Mixed Farming System – An Empirical Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. MIXED FARMING SYSTEM – AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents
4.1.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents
Table 4.1. Demographic Features of Respondents (in number)
4.1.2 Economic Features
Table 4.2. Economic Characteristics of Sample Respondents (in %)
4.2 Existing Practices in Mixed Farming
Table 4.3 Area Utilized (in hectare) and Animal Possessed (in number) by Respondents – Region and Farm Size-wise
Table 4.4. Activity Mix of Crop Farming and Dairying of Respondents – Region and Farm Size-wise (in %)
Table 4.5. Share of Dairying in Total Income of Sample Size – Region and Farm Size-wise
4.3 Benefit-Cost Analysis
4.3.1 Benefits from Mixed Farming System
Table 4.6 Average Income (per hectare) from Agriculture – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.7 Composition of Average Income (per Milch Animal) from Dairying – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.8 Combined Average Income from Agriculture and Dairying – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
4.3.2 Cost of Mixed Farming
Table 4.9 Average Cost (per hectare) for Paddy – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.10 Average Cost (per hectare) for Homestead – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.11 Average Cost of Production for Paddy and Homestead (per hectare) – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.12 Average Cost of Production (per milch animal) for Dairying – Region and Farm Size-wise (in Rs.)
Table 4.13. Benefit Cost Ratio of Mixed Farming System –Region and Farm Size-wise
4.4 Input Efficiency and Production Constraints
4.4.1. Significant Inputs
Table 4.14. Regression Coefficients and Production Elasticities of Mixed Farming (Crop + Milk Production) – Region and Farm Size-wise
4.4.2. Marginal Value of Product (MVP) and Input Efficiency
Table 4.15. Marginal Value Products of Inputs at the Geometric Mean Level – Region and Farm Size-wise
4.4.3 Production Constraints
Table 4.16. Garrett’s Ranking of Production/Marketing Constraints of Mixed Farming System – Region and Farm Size-wise
4.5 Optimum Activity Mix
4.5.1 Optimum at Regional Level
Table 4.17 Optimum Activity Mix of Milch Animals with Agricultural Crops in Mixed Farming – Region wise
4.5.2. Optimum Activity Mix at Farm Size Level
Table 4.18 Optimum Activity Mix of Milch Animals with Agricultural Crops in Mixed Farming – Farm Size-wise
4.5.3 Optimisation Prospects
4.6 Gender Analysis in Farming Activities
4.6.1 Gender Dimensions of Decision Making
Table 4.19. Decision Making in Production and Marketing Activities in Mixed Farming – Sexwise (in %)
4.6.2 Gender Base of Work Participation
Table 4.20 Work Participation in Production and Marketing Activities in Mixed Farming – Sexwise (in %)
4.6.4 Gender and Time Use Pattern
Table 4.21 Time Spent by the Husband and Wife in Daily Activities – Region and Farm Size-wise (in hours and minutes)
4.7 Conclusions
5. Inference, Implications and Suggestions
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5. INFERENCES, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.1.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
5.1.2 Existing Practices in Mixed Farming
5.1.3 Benefit Cost Analysis
5.1.4 Resource Use Efficiency
5.1.5 Production and Marketing Constraints
5.1.6 Optimisation of Activity Mix
5.1.7 Gender Dimensions
5.2 Implications of Inferences
5.2.1 Profile of the Respondents
5.2.2 Existing Practices of Mixed Farming
5.2.3 Resource Use Efficiency
5.2.4 Production and Marketing Constraints
5.2.5 Optimum Activity Mix
5.2.6 Gender Dimensions in Farm Families
5.2.7 Implications Resumed
5.3 Policy Suggestions
5.4 Suggestions for Further Research
5.5 An Epilogue
ANNEXURES
Annexure: I Parameters for Identifying Agro-ecological Zones
Annexure: II Agro-Ecological Zones of Kerala: Main Features and Distribution
Annexure III Map Showing Agroecological Zones of Kerala
Annexure IV Average Annual Consumption Expenditure in rupees/ family –Region and Farm Size-wise
Annexure – V Gender Dimensions of Decision Making in Production and Marketing Activities Region wise
Annexure – VI Gender Dimensions of Decision Making in Production and Marketing Activities – Farm Size-wise
Annexure – VII Gender and Work Participation in Production and Marketing Activities – Region wise
Annexure – VIII Gender and Work Participation in Production and Marketing Activities – Farm Size-wiseLarge
APPENDIX
THE ECONOMICS OF MIXED FARMING IN KERALA INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX