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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Preface
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
I. Introduction
An Overview of the Chapters
Objectives of the study
Hypotheses
The Universe of the Study
Methodology
Limitations and future prospectus of the study
II. Genesis and Development of Rural Democratic Institutions in India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Rural Democratic Institutions in India
2.3 Genesis and Development
2.3.1 The Early Period
2.3.2 The Period of British Rule
2.3.3 The Post-independence Period
2.3.3.1 Community Development Programme
2.3.3.2 The Balwantrai Metha Committee
Panchayati Raj System
The Structure of Panchayati Raj
Village Panchayat
Panchayat Samiti
Zilla Parishad
3.3.3.3 Ashok Mehta Committee
3.3.3.4 The Phase of Renovation and Revival Since 1985
2.3.4 The Present Stage
2.3.4.1 Major Features of the Constitution (Seventy Third Amendment) Act
2.4 The Kerala Experience
2.4.1 The Panchayati Raj Act, 1994
2.5 Conclusion
References
III. Political Participation and women in India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What is Political Participation?
3.3 Modes of Political Participation
3.3.1 Variables of Political Participation
3.4 The Non-participants
3.5 Women and Political Participation
3.6 Women and Politics in India
3.6.1 Ancient India
3.6.2 The Reform Movements
3.6.3 Women in National Movement
3.6.4 Women in Politics in Post-independent India
Table 3.1Percentage of Women Voting Participation in LokSabha Elections (1952-1999)
Table 3.2Representation of Women in Lok Sabha
Table 3.3Representation of Women Members in RajyaSabha (1952-1 999)
Table 3.4Women Membership in the Union Cabinet (1 952-1999)
3.7 Kerala Women and Political Participation
3.7.1 Women and Educatiori
Table 3.5Proportion of Literate Persons in the Population, Kerala and India: 1961 - 91
Table 3.6Male and Female Work Participation -. Kerala and India
Fig. 3.1Kerala Womens Educational Status and Work participation
Table 3.7The Population of Kerala in 1991 and the Numberof Workers
3.7.2 Women and Health Care
Table 3.8 Expectation of Life at Birth in Kerala and India
Table 3.9 Birth Rates, Kerala and lndia
Table 3.10 Death Rates, Kerala and India
Table 3.11 Infant Mortality Rates, Kerala and India
3.7.3 Kerala Women and Political Participation
Table 3.12 Women Participation in Assembly Elections in Kerala
3.7.4 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and Women
3.8 Conclusion
References
IV. Political Process and Women Empowerment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Women and Voting Behaviour
Fig.4.1Women and Voting Behaviour
4.2.1 Age and Voting behaviour
Table 4.1Age and Voting Behaviour
4.2.2 Womens Voting Behaviour in Panchayat, Assembly andParliament Elections
4.2.3 Male Influence on Female Voting
Table 4.3Male Influence on Female Voting
4.2.4 Factors Influencing Womens Voting Choice in DifferentElections
Table 4.4 Factors Influencing The Voting Choice of Women in Panchayat, Assembly and Parliament Elections
4.2.5 Womens Attitude to Voting
Table 4.5 Do You Consider Voting as a Duty?
4.2.6 Reasons for Womens Non-participation in Voting
4.2.7 Religion and Voting Behaviour
4.2.8 Caste and Voting Behaviour
4.2.9 Education and Voting Behaviour
Table 4.9 Education and Voting Behaviour
4.2.10 Marital Status and Voting Behaviour
Table 4.10 Marital Status and Voting Behaviour
4.2.11 Occupation and Voting Behaviour
4.3 Womens Involvement in Election Campaign
Fig. 4.2 Womens Attitude to Campaigning
4.3.1 Age and Campaign Activities
4.3.2 Religion and Campaign Activities
Table 4.13 Religion arid Campaign Activities
4.3.3 Caste and Campaign Activities
Table 4.14 Caste and Campaign Activities
4.3.4 Education and Campaign Activities
Table 4.15 Education and Campaign Activities
4.3.5 Marital Status and Campaign Activities
4.3.6 Occupation and Campaign Activities
4.4 Women and Organisational Participation
Fig.4.3 Women and Organisational Participation
4.4.1 Age and Organisational Participation
4.4.2 Religion and Organisational Participation
4.4.3 Caste and Organisational Participation
4.4.4 Education and Organisational Participation
4.4.5 Marital Status and Organisational Participation
Table 4.22 Marital Status and Organisational Participation
4.5 General Political Awareness
4.5.1 Reading Habits and General Awareness
Fig.4.4 Reading Habits of the Respondents
Table 4.23 Education and Reading Habits
Table 4. 24 Marital Status and Reading Habits
Table 4.25 Occupation and Reading Habits
4.5.2 Audiovisual Media and Political Awareness
Fig. 4.5 Exposure to Audiovisual Media
4.5.3 Interpersonal Relations and General Political Awareness
Fig. 4.6 Interpersonal Relations
Table 4.29 Education and Interpersonal Relations
Table 4.30 Marital Status and Interpersonal Relations
Table 4.31 Occupation atid lnterpersonal Relations
4.6 Agitational Participation
Fig.4.7 Agitational Participation
4.6.1 Age and Agitational Participation
4.6.2 Religion and Agitational Participation
4.6.3 Caste and Agitational Participation
4.6.4 Education and Agitational Participation
4.6.5 Marital Status and Agitational Participation
4.6.6 Occupation and Agitational Participation
4.7 Conclusion
References
V. Gramasabha: Towards Participatory Democracy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Kerala Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 and Gramasabha
5.2.1 Salient Features of Gramasabha
5.2.2 Powers and Functions of Gramasabha
Table 5.1 Powers and Functions of Gramasabha in Different States
5.3 Gramasabha Participation and Women Empowerment
5.3.1 Womens Attitude to Gramasabha Participation
5.3.2 Age and Gramasabha Participation
5.3.3 Religion and Gramasabha Participation
5.3.4 Caste and Gramasabha Participation
5.3.5 Education and Gramasabha Participation
5.3.6 Marital Status and Gramasabha Participation
5.3.7 Occupational Status and Gramasabha Participation
5.4 General Awareness of Women on Democratic Decentralisationin India
5.4.1 Knowledge of the System of Panchayati Raj in India
5.4.2 Knowledge of Womens Reservation
5.4.3 Knowledge of the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act, 1994
5.5 Womens Knowledge About their own Gramasabha
5.5.1 Basic Knowledge about Gramasabha
5.5.2 Structural Knowledge about Gramasabha
5.5.3 Functional Knowledge about Gramasabha
5.6 Factors that Inspire Women to Participate in Gramasabha Meetings
5.6.1 Participation by Self-decision
5.6.2 Participation by External Influence
5.6.3 Participation for Material Benefits
5.7 Womens Level of Participation in Gramasabha Meetings
5.7.1 Participation in General Matters
5.7.2 Participation in Financial Matters
5.7.3 Participation in Developmental Matters
5.8 Empowerment through Gramasabha
5.8.1 Self-confidence through Gramasabha
5.8.2 General Awareness through Gramasabha
5.8.3 Initiative power through Gramasabha
5.8.4 Leadership Quality tl~roughG ramasabha
5.9 Reasons for Non-participation in Gramasabha Meetings
5.10 Conclusion
References
VI. Reservational Empowerment-An Empirical Study of Women Panchayat Members
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Profile
6.2.1 Age-wise Classification
6.2.2 Religion-wise Classification
6.2.3 Caste-wise Classification
6.2.4. Marital Status
6.2.5 Educational Qualification
6.2.6 Occupational Status
6.2.7 Party Affiliation
6.2.8. Attitude to Candidacy
6.3 Internal Awakening of Women Panchayat Members
6.3.1 Personality Development
6.3.2 Leadership Quality
6.3.3 Administrative Skills
6.3.4 Quality of Sociability
6.4 External Effectiveness of Women Panchayat Members
6.4.1 Role in Social Awakening
6.4.2 Role in Political Awakening
6.5 Conclusion
References
VII. Conclusion
1. Reservational Empowerment
2. Participatory Empowerment
3. Gramasabha Empowerment
Recommendations and Suggestions
BIBILIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I Questionnaire
APPENDIX II KOTTAYAM DISTRICT