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Title
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
CONTENTS
Preface
1 General Introduction
1.1 Introductory remarks
1.2 Classification of composites
1.2.1 Particulate reinforcement:
1.2.2 Fibrous reinforcement
1.2.3 Laminates
1.2.4 Hybrid composites
1.3 Component materials
1.3.1 Fibres
(a) Animal fibres
(i) Silk fibres
(ii) Hair fibres
(iii) Wool fibres
(iv) Fur fibres
(b) Vegetable fibres
(i) Seedfibres
(ii) Bastfibres
(iii) Vascrrlar (grass-stenr) fibres
(iv) Fruit fibres
(c) Mineral fibres
(i) Glass fibres
(ii) Ceramic fibres
(iii) Asbestosfibres
(d) Synthetic fibres
(i) Rayons
(ii) Organic synthetic fibres
(iii) Carbon and graphite fibres
1.3.2 Matrices
Polymers
(i) Structure of polymers
(a) Plastics
(b) Rubbers
1.4 Fibre reinforced rubber composites
1.4.1 Cellulose fibre reinforced rubber composites
1.4.2 Glass fibre reinforced composites
1.4.3 Asbestos fibre reinforced composites
1.4.4 Miscellaneous fibre reinforced composites
1.5 Factors affecting the properties of the composite
1.5.1 Mixing of rubber compounds
1.5.2 Dispersion of short fibres
1.5.3 Fibre breakage
1.5.4 Critical fibre length
1.6 Fibre orientation
1.6.1 Effect of flow behaviour
1.6.2 Determination of fibre orientation
1.6.3 Fibre orientation distribution
1.7 Fibre-matrix adhesion
1.7.1 Bonding at the interface
(a) Mechanical bonding
(b) Chemical bonding at the interface
1.7.2 Mechanism of dry bonding system
1.7.3 Fibre treatment
7.7.4 Determination of adhesion level and optimisation
1.8 Theories of adhesion
1.8.7 Mechanical theory
1.8.2 Adsorption theory
1.8.3 Diffusion theory
1.8.4 Electrostatic theory
1.9 Interface modification
1.9.1 Surface treatment of polymers
(a) Chromic acid treatment
(b) Corona discharge treatment
(c) UV radiation
(d) Plasma treatment
1.9.2 Surface treatment of fillers/fibres
(a) Physical methods
(b) Chemical methods
1.10 Measurement of interfacial strength
1.10.1 Single fibre tests
1.10.2 Three point bend tests
1.11 Interface characterisation
1.12 Properties of short fibre composites
1.12.1 Modulus and elongation at break
1.12.2 Tensile strength
1.12.3 Tear strength
1.12.4 Creep
1.12.5 Fatigue properties
1.13 Applications of composite materials
1.14 Scope of the present work and objectives
1.15 References
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials used
2.1.1 Styrene-butadiene rubber
2.1.2 Sisal fibre
2.1.3 Rubber chemicals
2.1.4 Special chemicals
2.1.5 Other chemicals
2.1.6 Solvents
2.2 Surface modification of fibres
2.2.1 Pre-treatment of fibres
2.2.2 Methods of chemical modification
2.2.3 Incorporation of dry bonding system
2.3 Characterisation of fibre and composites
2.3.1 Infrared spectroscopy
2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy
2.3.3 Optical microscopy
2.4 Preparation of composites
2.4.1 Fibre preparation
2.4.2 Compounding
2.4.3 Vulcanization
2.4.4 Fibre breakage and fibre length distribution
2.4.5 Time of optimum cure
2.5 Analysis of composite properties
2.5.1 Physical and mechanical analysis
2.5.2 Melt flow studies
2.5.3 Diffusion and transport phenomena
2.5.4 Analysis of electrical properties
2.5.5 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (0MTA)
2.5.6 Thermal properties
2.6 References
3 Mechanical and Processing Behaviour
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Results and discussion
3.2.1 Fibre breakage
3.2.2 Effect of fibre length
3.2.3 Fibre orientation
3.2.4 Effect of fibre loading
3.2.5 Processing characteristics
3.2.6 Anisotropic swelling studies
3.2.7 Rubber-fibre interactions
3.3 References
4 Surface Modification and Role of Bonding Agent
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and discussion
4.2.1 Effect of pre-treatments on sisal fibres
4.2.2 Effect of chemical modification on interfacial adhesion
4.2.3 Efficiency of all chemical treatments on mechanical properties
4.2.4 Effecf of the addition of bonding agent
4.2.5 Efficiency of different chemical treatments and bonding agent
4.2.6 Anisotropic swelling studies
4.2.7 Morphology due to swelling
4.3 References
5 Rheological and Extrusion Characteristics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and discussion
5.2.1 Fibre breakage
5.2.2 Effect of fibre length
5.2.3 Effect of shear stress and fibre loading on melt viscosity
5.2.4 Effect of chemical modification of fibres
5.2.5 Viscosity of chemically modified composites
5.2.6 Effect of temperature
5.2.7 Relative viscosity
5.2.8 Flow behaviour index (FBI)
5.2.9 Die swell and extrudate distortion
5.2.10 SEM studies on extrudate morphology
5.2.11 Theoretical modelling
5.3 References
6 Analysis of Interface Adhesion by Transport Studies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Results and discussion
6.2.1 Effect of transport on rubbers
6.2.2 Effect of fibres on swelling behaviour of composites
6.2.3 Effect of fibre orientation
6.2.4 Effect of fibre loading
6.2.5 Effect of bonding agent
6.2.6 Variations in dimensions
6.3 References
7 Dielectric Properties
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results and discussion
7.2.1 Dielectric Constant
7.2.2 Volume resistivity
7.2.3 Dependence of electrical conductivity on fibre content
7.2.4 Dissipation factor
7.3 Effect of fibre concentration
7.4 References
8 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Results and discussion
8.2.1 Effect of fibre length on dynamic properties
8.2.2 Effect of fibre loading
8.2.3 Effect of chemical modification of fibres and bonding agent
8.2.4 Effect of orientation of fibres
8.2.5 Effect of frequency on the visco-elastic properties
8.3 References
9 Thermal Analysis and Kinetics of Degradation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Results and discussion
9.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
9.2-2 Thermal decomposition as a function of fibre loading
9.2.3 Effect of chemical treatment 8 bonding agent
9.2.4 Kinetic parameters from thermal degradation
9.2.5 DSC studies
9.3 References
10 Summary and Conclusion
Future Outlook
Commercial exploitation
Particulate fibre filled composites
Hybrid composites
APPENDICES
List of publications from this work
Papers presented in Nationalllnternational Conferences
Curriculum Vitae
Reprints of Published Papers