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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE 1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Preface
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I
1 Introduction
1.1 Composites
1.2 Fibres, Matrices and Composites
1.2.1 Advanced fibres
1.2.2 Glass fibres
1.2.3 Carbon and graphite fibres
1.2.4 Aramid fibres
1.2.5 Boron fibres
1.2.6 Other high performance fibres
1.3 Plant Fibres
1.3.1 Chemical structure and applications
1.4 Cellulose Micro Fibrils
1.5 Physical Structure of Plant Fibres
1.5.1 Fibrillar structure
1.5.2 Cell wall structure of native cellulose
1.6 Determination of Degree of Crystallinity
1.7 Microfibril Angle Measurements
1.8 Thermal Stability of Natural Fibres
1.9 Matrix Materials
1.9.1 Polymers
a) Thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers
b) Polyester resin
c) Epoxy resin
1.10 Interface Modification
Fig. 1.10 SEM of the 10% alkali treated coir fibres, wlth a magnification of 500
Fig. 1.11 SEM of the 8.56% MMA grafted coir fibres (X500)
Fig. 1.15. a. The surface of the untreated fibres covered by unevenly distributedorganic material b. Surface of treated fibres
Fig. 1.19 The ESCA deconvolution spectra of the CIS signal for thesuccinylated fibres
1.10.1 Interfacial characterisation
1.10.2 Interphase thickness and properties
1.11 Fabrication of Composites
1.11.1 Hand lay up
1.11.2 Bag moulding process
1.11.3 Filament winding
1.11.4 Pultrusion
1.11.5 Preformed moulding compounds
1.11.6 Dough moulding compounds
1.11.7.Sheet moulding compounds
1.11.8 Prepregs
1.11.9 Resin tranfer moulding
1.11.10 Newer developments using thermosets
1.12 Short Fibre Reinforced Thermosets
1.13 Hybrid Composites
1.13.1 Components of hybrid composite materials
1.13.2 Role of interface in production of hybrid composite materials
1.13.3 Calculation and design of hybrid composite materials
1.14 Natural Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
1.15 Textile Composites
Fig. 1.24 Various perform architectures
Fig. 1.25 The schematic representation of the type of defects that can occurin a textile composite
Fig. 1.26 Unit cell of a 2D knitted fabric
1.16 Nanocomposites
1.17 Green Composites
1.18 Purpose and Importance of the Work
1.18.1 Importance of banana fibre
1.18.2 Scope of the present work
1.19 Major Objectives
1.19.1. Chemical modification of the banana fibre surface for improved interactionwith the polymer matrix
1.19.2. Characterisation of the modified fibre surface by techniques like zetapotential, solvatochromism and spectroscopic methods
1.19.3. Optimisation of the bananalglass fibre ratio and the layering pattern in thepreparation of hybrid composites
1.19.4. Design of textile composites from banana fibre and glass fibre
1.19.5. Macroscale examination of the composites to evaluate the fibrelmatrixinteractions
1.19.6. Analysis of the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites
1.19.7. Stress relaxation behaviour of the composites
1.19.8. Water absorption behaviour of the composites
References
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials Used
2.2 Chemical Modification of the Fibre Surface
2.2.1 Silane treatment for cellulose fibres
2.2.2 Treatment with C-18 T
2.2.3 Treatment with NaOH
2.3 Solvatochromic Measurements
2.4 Zeta Potential Measurements
2.5 Spectroscopic Methods
2.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies
2.7 Optical Microscopy
2.8 Preparation of Composites
2.9 Mechanical Property Measurements
2.10 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
2.11 Stress Relaxation Experiments
2.12 Water Absorption Measurements
References
SECTION II
PART-1 FIBRE SURFACE CHARACTERISATION
1 Determination of Polarity Parameters of Chemically Modified Banana Fibres by Means of the Solvatochromic Technique
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Experimental
1.1.2a Solvents used for solvatochromic measurements
1.1.2b Solvatochromic probe dyes
1.1.2c.Solvatochromic measurements
1.1.2d Calculation of the polarity parameters
1.1.3 Results and Discussion
References
2 Influence of Chemical Treatments on the Electro-kinetic Properties, IR Spectra and Morphology of Cellulose Fibres
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Experimental
1.2.2a. Zeta -potential measurements
Fig. l.2.1 Special fibre cell used for the investigation
1.2.2b. Surface morphology
1.2.3 Results and Discussion
1.2.3.a. Untreated fibres
Fig. 1.2.4 SEM micrograph of raw fibre
1.2.3.b. Treated fibres
1.2.3b1. Alkali treatment
Fig. 1.2.8 SEM micrograph of alkali treated fibre
1.2.3b2. C18-T (2, CDichloro 6-n-octa-decyloxy-s-triazine) treatment
1.2.3c. Acetylation
1.2.3d Silane treatment
1.2.3e. Silane A15land A174
I.2.3.f. Silane F8261 (IH, IH, 2H, 2H-Perfluorooctyl triethoxy silane)
1.2.3g. Silane A1 100
1.2.3h. Silane Si 69
References
PART-2 SHORT BANANA FIBRE REINFORCEDPOLYESTER COMPOSITES
1 Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Short Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Results and Discussion
2.1.2a. Mechanical properties
2.1.2b. Dynamic mechanical properties
Fig. 2.1.3a, b, c SEM of the tensile failure surface banana /polyester compositewith fibre volume percent 10, 20 8 40
Fig. 2.1.6 Schematic diagram of fibre, matrix and the immobilised polymer layer
References
2 Effect of Fibre Surface Treatments on the Mechanical. Properties of Short Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Compounds
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Results and Discussion
2.2.2a. Sodium hydroxide treatment
FIGURES 2.2.3 a & b Tensile fracture surface of the alkali treated fibre composites
2.2.2b. Silane treatment
2.2.2b1. Silane A151 (Vinyl triethoxy silane)
Fig. 2.2.7a SEM of silane A151 treated fibre
Fig. 2.2.7b SEM of the tensile failure surface of the A151 treated composite
2.2.2b2. Silane A174 (y-MethacryloxypropyItrimethoxysilane)
Fig. 2.2.8a SEM photographs of the silane A174 treated fibre
Fig. 2.2.8b SEM photographs of the tensile failure surface of the silane A174treated fibre composites
2.2.2b3. Silane F 8261 (1H, lH, 2H, 2H-Perfluorooctyl triethoxy silane)
2.2.2b4. Silane All00 (-y-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane)
2.2.2b5. Silane Si 69 bis (triethoxysilyl propyl) tetra sulphide
2.2.2.b6. Acetylation
Fig. 2.2.10 a SEM of the impact fracture surface of the acetylated fibre composite
Fig. 2.2.10b SEM of the of the acetylated fibre
2.2.2.b7. Assessment of the effectiveness of different treatments
References
3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Chemically Modified Short Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Results and Discussions
2.3.2a. Storage modulus
2.3.2b. Loss modulus
2.3.2c. Damping curves
References
4 Effect of Chemical Modification on the Water Absorption Behaviour of Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Results and Discussion
Fig. 2.4.3 SEM of the tensile failed composite showing the porous nature of the fibre
References
5 Stress Relaxation Behaviour of Short Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2. Results and Discussion
2.5.2a. Effect of fibre loading
2.5.2b. Effect of fibre treatment
References
PART-3 HYBRID COMPOSITES OF SHORT BANANAFIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE
1 Hybrid Composites of Short Banana Fibre and Glass Fibre: Mechanical Properties Stress Relaxation and Water Absorption Behaviour
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Results and Discussion
3.1.2a. Tensile stress-strain behaviour
Fig. 3.1.5 a, b, c Optical photographs of the failed samples with glass volumefraction 0.1 I
Fig. 3.1.6 a, b, c SEM photographs of the composites with glass volumefraction 0.03, 0.11 and 0.15
3.1.2b. Effect of banana glass layering on the tensile strength
3.1.2c. Impact strength of banana-glass hybrid composites
3.1.2d. Effect of glass-banana layering on the impact strength
3.1.2e. Theoretical modelling
3.1.3. Effect of Hybridisation on Stress Relaxation
3.1.4. Water Absorption Behaviour of the Hybrid Composites
References
2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Banana / Glass Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Results and Discussion
3.2.2a. Storage modulus
Fig. 3.2.2 Optical photograph of the failed composite with glass as the core material (sample A)
3.2.2b. Loss modulus
3.2.2c. Damping coefficient
3.2.2d. Effect of layering pattern
3.2.2e. Damping coefficient
References
PART-4 BANANA/GLASS WOVEN TEXTILE COMPOSITES
1 Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Banana / Glass Hybrid Fibre Textile Composites
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Results and Discussion
4.1.2a. Static mechanical properties
4.1.2b. Tensile Properties
4.1.2b1. Effect of fibre volume fraction
Fig. 4.1.3 Weaving architecture
Fig. 4.1.4 a, b, c Optical photographs of tensile fracture surfaces ofcomposites with two, three and four layers
Fig. 4.1.6 a, b, c Optical photographs of the layering patterns of the compositesin the direction of the weft yarns
4.1.2b2. Effect of bundle width (weaving architecture)
4.1.2b3. Effect of layering pattern
4.1.3. Impact Properties
4.1.3a. Effect of fibre volume fraction
Fig. 4.1.8 a, b, c Impact fracture pattern in a four layer composite
4.1.3b. Effect of layering pattern
4.1.4. Flexural Properties
4.1.5. Dynamic Mechanical Properties
References
SECTION III
CONCLUSION
Future Work
APPENDIX I
Papers published /communicated in International Journals
APPENDIX II
Curriculum Vitae
Determination of Polarity Parameters of Chemically Modified Cellulose Fibers by Means of theSolvato chromic Technique
Short Banana Fiber Reinforced PolyesterComposites: Mechanical, Failureand Aging Characteristics
Polyester composites of short banana fibre and glass fibres.The tensile and impact properties1)
Influence of chemical treatments on the electrokinetic properties of cellulose fibres