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  • TITLE
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
  • 1. The Crucial Question
  • 2. The Indian Answer
  • 3. The Need for a Critique
  • 4. The Present Purpose
  • 5. Contextualization
  • 6. The Significance of this exploration
  • 7. Specific Goals
  • 8. The Problem Spelled Out
  • 9. The Method
  • 10. Tools of Inquiry
  • 11. Limitations
  • 12. The Manner of Presentation
  • 13. Two empirical Observations:
  • II. WHAT MAKES LIFE HUMAN?
  • I. THE STORY OF RISHYASRINGA
  • 1. The Context
  • 2. Universifiability of the Message
  • 3. Lomasa Narrates the Story
  • 4. What strikes Us First
  • 5. The Basic Issues, Once Again
  • 6. Conclusion
  • II. MEANING OF LIFE
  • 1. Why This Clarification
  • 2. Philosophical Pessimism
  • 3. Two Things We Want to Know
  • 4. The Vedic Distinction
  • 5. The Subjective and the Objective
  • 6. Without God and Immortality
  • 7. Eternity and Purpose
  • 8. Is Happiness the Ultimate Goal?
  • 9. Life has Intrinsic Value
  • 10. Unexciting Conclusions
  • 11. Conclusion
  • REFERENCES
  • III. SCANNING THE CONCEPTS
  • I. THE CONCEPT OF PURUSHARTHAS IN GENERAL
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The concept of purushartha
  • 3. Trivarga or caturvarga?
  • 4. Gradation
  • 5. The Sources
  • 6. The Concepts in Brief
  • 7. Historical Setting
  • 8. Conclusions
  • II. DHARMA - THE REGULATING PRINCIPLE
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Word and Concept of Dharma
  • 3. A Brief History
  • 4. Categories of Dharma
  • 5. The Problem of Action
  • 6. Svadharma
  • 7. Why practice Dharma?
  • III. ARTHA - THE ACQUISITIVE PRINCIPLE
  • I. Introduction
  • 2. Artha and Arthasastra
  • 3. Manusmrti
  • 4. Gandhis View of Artha
  • 5. Some critical remarks
  • IV. KAMA - THE INSTINCTIVE PRINCIPLE
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Grammar & Etymology
  • 3. The Senses as media
  • 4. Our Literary Tradition
  • 5. Samkalpamulah Kamo
  • 6. Some Observations
  • REFERENCE
  • IV. MOKSHA - THE SPIRITUAL PRINCIPLE
  • I. THE CONCEPT OF MOKSHA
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Concept
  • 3. The Origin of the Concept
  • 4. The Development of the Concept
  • 5. Moksha - The Ideal State of Knowledge?
  • II. THE QUESTION OF IMMORTALITY
  • 1. The Problem
  • 2. The Distinction between Soul and Body
  • 3. Does Moksha Exist?
  • 4. An Ethical Postulate
  • 5. The Indian View
  • III. MOKSHA & INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
  • 1. Are they Integrally Related?
  • 2. Positions Vary
  • 3. Critical Remarks
  • 4. Not Spiritual Either
  • 5. Philosophical Activity
  • 6. Potter Refuted
  • 7. Bhattacharyya Refuted
  • 8. Can Moksha be Conceived in Dynamic Terms?
  • 9 Why then is the Claim Made?
  • 10 Conclusion
  • REFERENCE
  • V. INTERRELATIONSHIP
  • I. SALIENT THEORIES EXAMINED
  • 1. The Problem
  • 2. The Mahabharata Discussion
  • 3. Salient Theories
  • 4. Partly True but Wholly False
  • 5. More on Moksha
  • II. HOW KAMA DEFINES THE GOAL OF LIFE
  • 1. The Problem
  • 2. How is kama Distinguished?
  • 3. How are the Purusharthas Distinguished?
  • 4. Descriptive or Prescriptive?
  • III. PURUSHARTHAS ARE INTERACTIONAL
  • 1. A Priori Conditions of being a Human Being
  • 2. Grounds of Reason
  • 3. The Meaning of Hierarchy
  • IV. TRIVARGA OR CHATURVARGA?
  • 1. The Problem
  • 2. The Nature of Moksha
  • 3. Some Objections Met
  • 4. The Role of Dharma
  • V. INCLUDE MOKSHA IN KAMA?
  • I. Introduction
  • 2. Mumuksha
  • 3. Why not include Moksha in Dharma?
  • VI. WHY THE INTRODUCTION OF MOKSHA?
  • 1. The Problem
  • 2. The Classification of Purusharthas
  • 3. Distinction Between Justification and Motivation
  • 4. Does Moksha Justify Dharma?
  • 5. Moksha - the Ultimate Value?
  • 6. Moksha - The Only Intrinsic Value?
  • VI. LESSON FROM EXPERIENCE
  • I. IN THE ABSENCE OF MUTUALITY
  • I. Introduction
  • 2. Illustrations from the Mahabharata
  • II. THE ECOLOGICAL IMPASSE
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Meaning of Ecology
  • 3. The Ecological Crisis
  • 4. Our Manner of Matricide
  • 5. How to Explain All this?
  • 6. Ideal Response?
  • 7. Gandhi - Our Guide
  • 8. Concluding Remarks
  • III. GANDHIAN VIEW OF PURUSHARTHAS
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Gandhian Definition of Purusharthas
  • 3. On Kama
  • 4. On Artha
  • 5. On Dharma
  • 6. On Moksha and Tapas
  • 7. Gandhis Integral Approach
  • 8. In Sum
  • REFERENCES
  • VII. SOME RELEVANT IMPLICATIONS
  • I. POSIT A METAPURUSHARTHA ?
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Why Posit a Metapurushartha?
  • 3. The Ultimate Goal?
  • 4. Bhakti - a Metapurushartha?
  • 5. God-Realization: a Metapurushartha?
  • 6. The Ideal of Jivan Mukti
  • 7. Satya Implies Sarvodaya
  • II. A SYNOPTIC SUMMARY
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. A Priori Conditions
  • 3. Normative Orientations
  • 4. An Ethico-Philosophical Postulate
  • 5. Philosophical Pessimism Ruled out
  • 6. Interactional rather than Hierarchical
  • 7. Mutuality
  • 8. The Question of Hierarchy
  • 9. An Integral Trait of Indian Culure
  • 10. A Dangerous Fallacy
  • 11. The Ideal of Lokasamgraha
  • 12. Universifiable
  • 13. Moksha Along with the World
  • 14. Moksha - a Matter of Practical Philosophy
  • 15. Indian National Flag - a Symbol of Purusharthas
  • REFERENCES
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY