HOME
Search & Results
Full Text
Thesis Details
Page:
155
Full Screen
Title
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1 Concept of Controlled Release
1.2 Polymers in Controlled Release Technology
1) Diffusion - Controlled Systems
a) Reservoir Systems
b) Monolithic system
2a) Erosion- or Chemical Reaction- Controlled Systems
b) Chemical Reaction Controlled -Systems
3) Swelling CR System
4) Osmotic Pumping Systems
1.3 Polymers as Soil Conditioners
1.4 Polymer - Soil Interactions
1.5 Polyacrylamide as Soil Conditioner
1.6 Fertilizers and Agricultural Production-
1.7 Urea in Soil
1.8 Scope of the Work
2. Review on Polymer-Based Controlled Release Agro-chemicals
2.1 Polymers in Controlled Release (CR) Agro-chemicals
2.2 Physical Combinations of Polymers and Active agents
2.3 Chemical Combinations of Polymers and Active agents
2.3.1 Bio-degradable Systems
2.3.2 Polymers with Pendant Substituents
2.3.3 CR Formulations by Polymerization of Functional Monomers
2.3.4 CR Formulations by Functionalization of Pre-formed Polymers
2.4 Controlled Release Fertilizers
2.5 Controlled Release Fertilizers Based on Polymers
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Introduction
3. 1.1 Preparation Urea Granules
3.1.2 Preparation of Sealant Solutions
3.1.3 Destabilization of Monomers
3.2 Materials Used
3.3 Preparation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers (PCUF) Based on Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Systems
3.3.1 Preparation of PCUF Based on DVB-PAM Systems
3.3.2 Preparation of PCUF Based on NNMBA-PAM Systems
3.3.3 Preparation of PCUF Based on TTEGDA-PAM Systems
3.3.4 Preparation of PCUF Based on PETA-PAM Systems
3.4 Preparation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers Based on Crosslinked Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
3.4.1 Preparation of PCUF Based on DVB-PMMA System
3.4.2 Preparation of PCUF Based on NNMBA-PMMA Systems.
3.4.3 Preparation of PCUF Based on TTEGDA-PMMA Systems.
3.4.4 Preparation of PCUF Based on PETA-PMMA Systems
3.5. Evaluation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertlizers
3.5.1 Determination of Urea Content
3.5.2 Soil Characteristics
3.5.3 Leaching Studies
3.5.4 Urea Estimation
3.5.5 Incubation Experiments
3.6 Statistical Analysis of Data
Leaching experiments
Incubation experiment
3.7 Matrix Type Controlled Release Urea Fertilizers
3.7.1 Urea-N Content
3.7.2 Incubation Experiment
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Characterisation of PCUF - IR spectroscopy
4.2 Urea Content in Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers
4.3 Soil Characteristics
4.4 Results of Leaching Experiments Polyacrylamide Based Systems
4.4.1 DVB-PAM Systems
4.4.2 NNMBA-PAM Systems
4.4.3 TTEGDA-PAM Systems
4.4.4 PETA-PAM Systems
4.5 Comparison of Different Sealants in Polyacrylamide Systems
4.6 Results of Leaching Experiments Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
4.6.1 DVB-PMMA Systems
4.6.2 NNMBA-PMMA Systems
4.6.3 TTEGDA-PMMA Systems
4.6.4 PETA-PMMA Systems
4.7 Comparison of Different Sealants in Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
4.8 Results of Incubation Experiments
4.8.1 DVB-PAM Systems
4.8.2 NNMBA-PAM Systems
4.8.3 TTEGDA-PAM Systems
4.8.4 PETA-PAM Systems
4.8.5 DVB-PMMA Systems
4.8.6 NNMBA-PMMA Systems
4.8.7 TTEGDA-PMMA Systems
4.8.8 PETA-PMMA Systems
4.9. Matrix Type Controlled Release Urea Fertilizers
5. Summary and Conclusions
7. References
8. Publications out of this study