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Full Screen- TITLE
- DEDICATION 1
- DEDICATION 2
- CERTIFICATE 1
- CERTIFICATE-2
- DECLARATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- LIST OF FIGURES
- LIST OF PLATES
- ABBREVIATIONS
- I. INTRODUCTION
- KERALA: LAKES, BACKWATERS AND RIVERS
- AREA OF STUDY
- RIVERS OF KERALA
- LAKES AND BACKWATERS
- The River Meenachil
- II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- PART I
- II.1.1 Intestinal bacterial flora of avian fauna
- II.1.2 Intestinal bacterial flora of Homo sapiens
- PART II
- II.2.1 Antibiotic sensitivity
- II.3.1 Haemagglutination and haemolysis
- II.4.1 Bacteriocin production
- PART III
- II.5.1 Effect of crop protection chemicals on microbial flora
- II.6.1 Bacteriological studies on water
- II.7.1 Survival ability of bacteria in aquatic environments
- III. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
- PART I
- III.1 Avian fauna subjected to investigation
- III.1.1 Corvus splendens protegatus (Madarasz)
- III.1.2 Phalacrocorax niger (Vieiilot)
- III.1.3 Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Boddaert)
- III.1.4 Anus crecca crecca (Linnaeus)
- III.1.5 Anus domesticus (Domestic Duck)
- III.1.6 Callus domesticus (Domestic Fowl)
- III.1.7 Columba livia intermedia (Strickland)
- Plate 1. Corvus splendens protegatus (Madarasz) The Common House Crow (Locality: Kottayam)
- Plate 2. Corvus splendens protegatus (Madarasz) The Common House Crow (Locality: Ettumanoor)
- Plate 3. Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot) Little Cormorant (Locality: Kumarakom Tourist Complex)
- Plate 4. Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot) Cormorants and Darters (Locality: Kumarakom Tourist Complex)
- Plate 5. Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Boddaert) Cattle Egret (Locality: Paddy fields, Athirampuzha)
- Plate 6. Anas crecca crecca (Linnaeus) Common Teal (Locality: Kumarakom - Vembanad Lake)
- Plate 7. Anas querquedula (Linnaeus) Garganey Teal (Locality: Kumarakom - Vembanad Lake)
- Plate 8. Anas domesticus (Domestic Duck) (Locality: Athirampuzha)
- Plate 9. Gallus domesticus (Domestic Fowl) (Locality: Poultry Farm, Kottayam)
- Plate 10. Columba livia intermedia (Strickland) Indian Blue Rock Pigeon (Locality: Kottayam)
- III.1.8 Collection of dropping pilings of birds
- III.1.9 Isolation of bacteria from faecal samples of avian fauna
- III.1.10 Identification of Bacterial Isolates
- III.2 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Tests
- III.2.1 Antimicrobial Drugs and Disc Potency Used for the Present Study
- III.2.2 Stokes Method
- III.3A Haemolysis
- III.3B Haemagglutination Reaction
- III.4 Test for Bacteriocin Production
- III.5 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Microorganisms
- III.6 Bacteriological Studies on Water Samples
- III.7 Survival of Coliforms in Water Samples
- IV. RESULTS
- PART I
- INTESTINAL GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL FLORA OF AVIAN FAUNA
- IV. 1.1 Incidence of bacterial species from avian faecal sources
- Fig. 1 Percentage occurrence of Gram negative intestinal bacteria of avian fauna
- Fig. 2. Percentage occurrence of Gram negative intestinal bacteria of Crow, Egret, Duck, and Cormorant
- Fig. 3. Percentage occurrence of Gram negative intestinal bacteria of Teal, Pigeon, Fowl, and Cormorant
- Plate 11. Cormorant: Direct smear from droppings (Gram stained)
- Plate 12. Cormorant: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 13. Crow: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 14. Egret: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 15. Teal: Direct smear from droppings (Gram stained)
- Plate 16. Teal: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 17. Duck: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 18. Fowl: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- Plate 19. Pigeon: Direct smear from droppings (Gram stained)
- Plate 20. Pigeon: Sweep smear from culture (Gram stained)
- PART II
- Characterisation
- IV.2.1 Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates from human and avian sources
- IV.2.2 Multiple drug resistance of bacterial isolates from human and avian sources
- Fig. 4. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of E. coli from avian and human sources
- Fig. 5. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Klebsiella sp. from avian and human sources.
- IV.3A.1 Haemolytic property of the human and avian Gram negative bacterial isolates
- IV. 3B.1 Haemagglutination activity of the human and avian Gram negative bacterial isolates
- IV.4.1 Bacteriocin production profile of Gram negative enteric bacteria from human and avian sources
- Fig. 6. Incidence of drug resistance in bacteriocinogenic and nonbacteriocinogenic strains - avian source
- Fig. 7. Incidence of drug resistance in bacteriocinogenic and nonbacteriocinogenic strains - human source
- Plate 21. Bacteriocin production (Negative.)
- Plate 22. Bacteriocin production (Positive)
- PART III
- COLIFORMS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL BACTERIAL FLORA
- I V.5.1 Effect of crop protection chemicals on bacterial flora of the soil
- IV.6.1 Bacteriological studies on water-prevalence of coli forms
- IV.6.2 Eijkman test and faecal coliforms
- 1V.6.3 Incidence of Gram positive bacteria in various aquatic environmtents
- IV.6.4 Incidence of NLF bacteria in various aquatic environments
- IV.6.5 E. coli count and environmental parameters
- Fig. 8. Seasonal variations of bacteria in well water
- Fig. 9. Seasonal variations of bacteria in pond water
- Fig. 10. Seasonal variations of bacteria in paddy field water
- Fig. 11. Seasonal variations of bacteria in streams
- Fig. 12. Seasonal variations of bacteria in river water
- IV.7.1 Survival ability of coliforms and Gram negative pathogenic enteric bacteria in various aquatic environments
- Fig. 13. Average survival ability of bacteria in various aquatic environments
- Fig. 14. Relationship between survival rate and salinity percentage of E. coli in freshwaters.
- Fig. 15. Relationship between survival rate and organic content of E. coli in freshwaters
- V. DISCUSSION
- PART I
- V.1.1 Prevalence of bacterial species from avian faecal sources.
- Plate 23. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (Blackwinged stilt) (Locality: Athirampuzha)
- Plate 24. Kumarakom backwaters
- PART II
- V.2.1 Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles
- V.3A.1 Haemolysin production activity of bacterial isolates from human and avian sources
- V.3B.1 Haemagglutination activity of the human and avian isolates.
- V.4.1 Bacteriocin production profile of Gram negative enteric bacteria from human and avian sources
- PART III
- V.5.1 Effect of pesticides on microbial flora of the environment.
- V.6.1 Bacteriological studies on samples from freshwater environments
- V.7.1 Survival ability of Gram negative bacteria in aquatic environments
- VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APPENDIX