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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Propagation
Bud grafting
Technique
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
Rootstock
Biochemical studies
Incompatibility
Types of incompatibility
Prediction of incompatibility
Rubber
Tapping and bark renewal
Propagation
Seedlings
Budding
Green budding
Polybag plants
Stock-Scion Interaction
Constraints in Rubber Cultivation
Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD)
Genetic parameters and associations
Co-efficient of variation
Heritability
Clonal variability for yield and associated traits in rubber
Correlation
Associations among yield and yield component traits
Intra -clonal variations in rubber
Infra-clonal associations in rubber
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Nursery Study
Materials
Lay out of the study
Design of the experiment
Observations
Seeds and Seedlings
Budding
Bud-grafted seedlings and budded stumps
Growth
Surface morphology of the graft area
Polybag Nursery
Bud wood Nursery
Growth
Bark anatomy of the graft union
Sample collection
Processing of tissue and observations
Intraxylary phloem
Sample collection
Processing and observations
Yield recording
Leaf Diseases
Biochemical study
Estimation of Peroxidase
Sample preparation
Preparation of Phosphate buffer
Total Protein Estimation
Reagents used
Working Standard
Estimation
Detection of Esterase
Preparation of Gel
Preparation of separating gel
Sample Preparation
Genetic analysis
Sampling
Preparation of Genomic DNA
DNA amplification by PCR
Gel electrophoreis and photography
B. Observations on mature trees
Materials
Observations
Total volume of latex
Dry rubber content
Summer variations
Growth characters
Anatomical characters
Tapping panel dryness
Statistical Analysis
4. RESULTS
A. NURSERY EXPERIMENT
1.Variability due to stock sources
Root stock seeds and seedlings
A.1.1.1 Comparison of seed types for seed characters and germination percentage
A.1.1.2. Estimates of variability among the seed sources for seed characters and germination
A.1.1.3. Intraclonal variations (CV values) in seed types for seed weight and seed volume.
A.1.1.4. Comparison of seed types for biomass production (dry wt.) and plant height of young seedlings at the age of one month
A.1. 1. 5. Estimates of variability for biomass production and plant height of young seedlings
A. I.1.6. Comparison of seed sources for establishment and growth of the seedlings
A.1. 1. 7.Estimates of variability for transplantable germinated seeds, establishment success and buddability in terms of growth
Budding success
A.1.2.1. Comparison of seed sources for budding success
A 1. 2. 2. Estimates of variability for the number of plants budded and budding success
Morphological observations of bud union
A.1. 3. 1.Comparison of seed sources for the surface morphology of bud union
A 1.3.2. Estimates of variability for the surface characters of stock-scion union
Comparative merits of root stock sources for further growth and test tap yield of the grafted plants
Growth variations of budded stumps
A.1.4.1.1.Comparison of stock sources for growth variations of budded stumps, in terms of girth (cm)
A.1.4.1.2. Estimates of variability for growth variations of budded X
Sprouting
A.1.4.2.1. Comparison of the budded stumps raised using different stock sources for sprouting percentage and time taken for bud of stock sources for growth variations of polybag
The Growth variations of polybag plants
A.1.4.3.1. Comparison plants, in terms of girth and height (cms)
A.1.4.3.2.Estimates of variability for the growth variations of polybag plants
Growth variations of field plants, after one-year growth in the field
A 1.4.4.1. Comparison of stock sources for establishment and growth of grafted plants in the field, after one year.
Growth variations of grafted plants, after two years in the field
A.1.4.4.2. Estimates of variability due to stock types for establishment and growth of grafted plants in the field, after one year.
Variations of anatomical characters due to root stock sources
Total bark thickness
A.1.4.6.l.Comparison of field plants raised on different stock sources for bark structural characters of stock, scion and graft of grafted plants, raised on varying stock sources, interface
Soft bast and hard bast
Number of latex vessel rows
Disease susceptibility
A.1.4.7.1. Comparison for susceptibility to shoot rot and Oidium diseases
Biochemical parameters
Total protein content & Peroxidase activity
A.1.4.8.1. Total protein content and peroxidase activity of the plants raised using different stock sources and RRII 105 as scion
Esterase activity
Genetic polymorphism
Characterization of RAPD markers
A.1.4.8 2. Characteristics of esterase band of plants raised using different stock sources and RRII 105 as scion.
Analysis of polymorphic-bands associated with stock-scion interaction
Primer: OPA-18
Primer OPC-5
Primer OPE-5
Primer: OPE-12
2.Variability between incompatible and compatible groups of plants
Comparison of incompatible with compatible groups of plants for anatomical characters
The orientation of axial tissue in the stock-scion interface
A.2.1.a. Comparison of incompatible with compatible plants for Quantitative anatomical traits.
A 2.1 b. Coefficients of variations and t values.
Comparison of incompatible with compatible graft types for positional girth variations at budded stump stage
A.2.2.1. Comparison of incompatible with compatible graft types for positional girth variations at budded stump stage.
Comparison of incompatible with compatible graft types for positional girth variations at polybag stage
A.1.3.1. Comparison of growth characters of incompatible and compatible graft types in polybags.
Comparison of incompatible and compatible graft types, in the bud wood nursery, for growth characters
A.2.4 1.Comparison of incompatible and compatible graft types, in the bud wood nursery, for growth characters. a. First year observations
A.2.4. l.Comparison of incompatible and compatible graft types, in the bud wood nursery, for growth characters. b. Second year observations
3.correlations
Association among nursery characters
Correlations among seed characters, germination percentage and growth characters at juvenile stage
A.3.1.1.Correlations among seed characters, germination percentage and growth characters at juvenile stage.
Associations of anatomical characters with respect to different positions of the grafted plant
A.3.2.1 Correlation of two important bark characters, the bark thickness (X1) and number of latex vessel rows (X6) with respect to the different positions of the bud grafted plants, at the stock portion (P1), stock-scion interface (P2), scion base (P3) and at 50 cm height from the bud union (P4) after two years growth in the field
A.3.2.2Correlations of test tap yield with latex vessel rows and bark thickness at scion base
Associations among the growth characters at different growth phases
A.3.3.1. Associations among the growth characters at different growth phases, budded stump stage, polybag stage, and field plants grown over one year and two years after planting in the field, and the associations of such characters with test tap yield
Regressions
A.3.4.1.Regressions of the growth characters and test tap yield of field plants on the growth characters at budded stump stage and polybag stage
Regression equations
B. OBSERVATIONS ON MATURE TREES UNDER TAPPING
1. Variability
Comparison of tapping side with untapped side of the tapping trees, for bark thickness and bark anatomical characters
B.1.1.1. Comparison of tapping side with untapped side for bark thickness and bark anatomical characters after one year tapping following 1/2Sd/3 tapping.
B.1.1.2. Bark thickness (mm) on tapping side and untapped side, at different height positions from the bud union, (at six monthly intervals of growth) of the trees under tapping.
Positional variations for growth in terms of girth
B.1.2.1. Positional variations of girth and mean girth increment (over two years) of the trees under tapping.
Quantity of intraxylary phloem and primary xylem points
B.1.3.1 Comparative.data on the number of intraxylary phloem and primary xylem points in tapped and untapped mature trees and untapped plants of two year old.
Intraclonal variations for the growth and yield factors of mature trees, under tapping
B.1.4.1. Intraclonal variations for the growth and yield factors of mature trees, under tapping.
B.1.4.2. Categorization of TPD affected trees, for different characters recorded before the onset of external symptoms of TPD.
2. Correlations among growth characters and yield of mature trees under tapping
Correlations among growth characters
B.2.1. Correlations among growth characters.
Correlations among growth characters, latex volume and dry rubber content
B.2.2 Correlations among growth characters, latex volume and dry rubber content.
Correlations among yield factors
B.2.3. Correlations among yield factors.
Plate I Nurseries 1.
Plate 2 Nurseries 2.
Plate 3 Green budding.
Plate 4 Morphological symptoms of incompatibility.
Plate 5 Hevea bark structure.
Plate 6 Cross section of a stem.
Plate 7 Bark structure at the union interface.
Plate 8 Tapping panel dryness.
Plate 9 Zymograms of esterase.
Plate 10 RAPD profiles.
Fig. 1 Vigour in terms of number of leaf flushes.
Fig. 2 Percentage increase of bark thickness (both sides) and girth after first year of tapping.
Fig. 3 Number of primary xylem points and intraxylary phloem points in tapped, untapped and young trees.
5. DISCUSSION
Root stock seeds and seedlings
Seed characters
Seedling growth
Budding success
Observations on surface morphology of the graft types Morphological marker for stock-scion incompatibility
Morphological marker for stock-scion incompatibility
Comparative merits of root stock sources for further growth and test tap yield of the grafted plants
Positional girth variations of budded stumps
Sprouting of scion bud
Growth in polybag nursery
Observations on field plants
Growth performances and test tap yield
Disease susceptibility,
Biochemical parameters
Total protein content
Peroxidase activity
Esterase activity
Genetic polymorphism
RAPD analysis
Growth performances and test tap yield in the second year
Comparison of stock sources for structural traits
Variability, due to incompatibility
The orientation of axial tissue in the stock-scion interface
Comparison of incompatible with compatible plants
Incompatibility effects on the vigor of budded stumps
Growth variations of incompatible and compatible grafts in polybags
Growth variations and yield trend of field plants
Quantitative anatomical characters
Correlations and regressions for early prediction of planting material
Associations among seed characters and nursery characters
Correlations among stock and scion portions of the grafted plants, with respect to anatomical characters
Associations among growth characters and test tap yield Early selection of compatible type of planting materials Observations on mature trees
Early selection of compatible type of planting materials
B. Observations on mature trees
1.VARIABILITY
Comparison of tapping side with untapped side of the tapping trees, for bark thickness and bark anatomical characters
Subsequent effect of higher intensity of tapping on bark growth and girthing of trees
Formation of internal phloem
Intraclonal variations of growth and latex flow characters
Tapping panel dryness
Correlations among growth characters and yield of mature trees under tapping
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES