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  • TITLE
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • 1. THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY AND ITS APPROACH
  • 1. The Crucial Question
  • 2. Background of the Study
  • 3. Relevance of the Study
  • 4. Objectives of the Study
  • 5. Hypothesis
  • 6. Universe of the Study
  • 7. Methodology and Sources of the Study
  • 8. Review of Literature
  • 9. Plan of Work
  • 2. RELIGION: A CRITICAL SURVEY
  • Article I: Origin and Development of Religion
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Various Theories on the Origin of Religions
  • (a) Anthropological Theories of Religions
  • i) Animism
  • ii) Animatism
  • (b) Sociological Theories of Religion
  • i) Emile Durkheim
  • ii) Karl Marx
  • iii) Max Weber
  • (c) Psychological Theories of Religion
  • i) William James
  • ii) Sigmund Freud
  • iii) Alfred Adler
  • iv) Carl Gustav Jung
  • v) Gordon Allport
  • vi) Abraham Maslow
  • vii) Erik H. Erikson
  • viii) Erich Fromm
  • 3. Essential Elements of Religion
  • (a) Creed
  • (b) Cult (Rituals)
  • (c) Code of Conduct
  • 4. Supplementary Elements of Religion
  • (a) Myth
  • (b) Mythology
  • (c) Mystery
  • 5. Definition of Religion
  • 6. Conclusion
  • Article II: Goal of Religion
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Establishment of: Relationships
  • (a) Man and God
  • (b) Man and Himself
  • (c) Man and Man
  • (d) Man and Nature
  • 3. Religion and Morality
  • 4. Religion: A Way of Life
  • 5. Religion and Salvation
  • 6. Conclusion
  • 7. Evaluation
  • 3. GANDHIAN APPROACH TO RELIGION
  • Article I: Early Sources of Influence
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Multireligious Context and its Influence
  • (a) Hinduism
  • (b) Islam
  • (c) Christianity
  • (d) Buddhism and Jainism
  • (e) Theosophy
  • 3. The Situation of Religious Conflicts
  • 4. Conclusion
  • Article II: Gandhijis Concept of Religion and God
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Necessity and Universality of Religion
  • 3. Characteristics of Religion
  • 4. Essence of Religion
  • 5. Concept of God
  • 6. Search after Truth through Non-violence
  • 7. Conclusion
  • Article III: Integration of Secular and Sacred
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Religion and Service
  • 3. Religion and Politics
  • 4. Sarvodaya
  • 5. The Ideal of Ramarajya
  • 6. Conclusion
  • 7. Evaluation
  • 4. SPIRITUALITIES OF MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
  • Article I: Hindu Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Fundamentals of Hindu Spirituality
  • (a) Basic Faith Unity of God (Brahman)
  • (b) Relationship of Brahman and Atman
  • (c) Vamasramadharma
  • 3. The Main Goals of Life
  • (a) Dharma
  • (b) Artha
  • (c) Kama
  • (d) Moksa
  • 4. Ways to attain Moksa
  • (a) Karma Yoga (The Path of Action)
  • (b) Bhakti Yoga (The Path of Devotion)
  • (c) Jnana Yoga (The Path of Knowledge)
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Article II: Islamic Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Fundamentals of Islamic Spirituality
  • (a) Faith in One God: Allah
  • (b) The Message of Holy Qur-an
  • (c) Universal Brotherhood of Man
  • 3. Heaven: The Goal of Life
  • 4. Ways Leading to Fulfilment
  • (a) Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
  • (b) The Prayer (Salat)
  • (c) Fasting (Sawn)
  • (d) Sharing of Wealth (Zakat)
  • (e) The Pilgrimage (Hajj)
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Article III: Christian Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Fundamentals of Christian Spirituality
  • (a) The Trinitarian Foundation
  • (b) The Person and Message of Jesus Christ as the model of Christian living
  • (c) The Biblical Message
  • (d) The Redemption of Whole Creation
  • 3. Heaven: The Goal of Christian Spirituality
  • 4. Different Ways to Redemption
  • (a) Doing the Will of God as shown by Christ
  • (b) Ascetical Mysticism out of Love
  • (c) Self-sacrifice in the Service of Others
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Article IV: Concept of Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Religiosity and Spirituality
  • 3. Spirituality: A Call. to Wholeness
  • 4. Definition of Spirituality
  • 5. Conclusion
  • 6. Evaluation
  • 5. TOWARD A TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY
  • Article I: Emergence of Transreligious Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Factors Influence its Emergence
  • (a) Religious Pluralism
  • (b) Concept of Secularism
  • (c) Fanaticism
  • (d) Need of an Integrated and Holistic Spirituality
  • 3. Approaches Towards Religious Pluralism
  • 4. Conclusion
  • Article II: Transreligious Dimension of Hindu Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Transreligious Approach in Hinduism
  • (a) The Unity of Brahman
  • (b) The Unique Relationship of Brahman, Atman. and Nature
  • (c) Satya (Truth) as Goal and Ahimsa (Non violence) as Means
  • (d) Niskamakarma (Action of Detachment) as the Duty of Man
  • 3. Conclusion
  • Article III: Transreligious Dimension of Islamic Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Transreligious Approach in the Qur-an
  • 3. Basic Qur-anic Values
  • (a) Belief in one God of the Universe: Allah
  • (b) Universal Brotherhood
  • (c) Tolerance
  • (d) Peace and Harmony as Basic Tenet
  • 4. Conclusion
  • Article IV: Transreligious Dimension of Christian Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Transreligious Approach in the Bible
  • (a) The Old Testament
  • (b) The New Testament
  • 3. Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God
  • 4. Values of the Kingdom of God
  • (a) The Concept of the Fatherhood of God
  • (b) Love of God and Man
  • (c) Selfless Service
  • 5. Conclusion
  • Article V: Transreligious Dimension in Other World Religions
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Buddhism
  • 3. Jainism
  • 4. Sikhism
  • 5. Zoroastrianism
  • 6. Conclusion
  • Article VI: The Basic Characteristics of Transreligious Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. God as the Cosmic Centre of the Universe
  • (a) God as the Ultimate and All Pervading
  • (b) Gods Providence sustains the Universe
  • 3. Man as the Meeting Point of the Divine and the Worldly
  • (a) To the Ultimate (Truth) through Universal Love (Ahimsa)
  • (b) Selfless Service and Self-sacrifice as Means of Love
  • (c) Uniqueness and Equality of Everyone (Universal Brotherhood)
  • (d) Primacy of Code of Conduct
  • 4. World as the Temple of the Divine-Human Meeting
  • (a) Nature as the Divine Manifestation
  • (b) Nature as an Indispensable part of Man
  • 5. Conclusion
  • 6. Evaluation
  • 6. GANDHIJIS EXPERIMENTS WITH TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY
  • Article I: Experiments in Ashram Life
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Origin and Development of Ashrams
  • (a) The Phoenix Settlement
  • (b) Tolsloy Farm
  • (c) Ahmedabad and Sabarmati Ashrams
  • (d) Sevagram Ashram
  • 3. Conclusion
  • Article II: Ashram Vows: The Basis of Gandhian Transreligious Spirituality
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Ashram Vows
  • (a) Satya (Truth)
  • (b) Ahimsa (Non-violence or Universal Love)
  • (c) Asteya (Non-stealing)
  • (d) Aparigraha (Non- possession)
  • (e) Brahmacarya (Celibacy)
  • (f) Sarira Srama (Bread Labour)
  • (g) Aswada (Control of Palate)
  • (h) Bhayavarjana (Fearlessness)
  • (i) Sarva Dharma Samabhava (Equality of all Religions)
  • (j) Swadeshi (Self-reliance)
  • (k) Sparsa Bhava (Removal of Untouchability)
  • 3. Other Observances
  • (a) Prayer
  • (b) Simplicity of Life
  • (c) Humility of Character
  • 4. Conclusion
  • Article III: Characteristics of Transreligious Spirituality of Gandhiji
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Truth as God: The All-Pervading Reality
  • (a) Truth as Transcending all Historical and Particular Religions
  • (b) Religions as Partial Manifestation of Truth Realization
  • (c) Divine Paternity and Human Fraternity
  • 3. Mans Call to be the Embodiment of Ahimsa
  • (a) Non-violence (Ahimsa) as the Supreme Means to Truth
  • (b) Self-realization through Selfless Service
  • (c) Supremacy of Morality
  • 4. Nature as the Integral Part of Man
  • (a) The Mutual Dependency of the whole Creation
  • (b) The Self-realization of Man in and through this World
  • (c) Work Place as the Temple of Worship
  • 5. Conclusion
  • 6. Evaluation
  • 7. TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY: RELEVANCE AND CHALLENGES
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Relevance of Gandhijis Transreligious Spirituality
  • (a) Transreligious Spirituality takes us beyond inter faith dialogue to an interfaith living
  • (b) Transreligious Spirituality is a great help to overcome religious fundamentalism and to resolve communal conflicts
  • (c) Transreligious Spirituality encourages us to feel at ease while worshipping with the members of all faiths
  • (d) Transreligious Spirituality expects that one must go deep into the central teachings of ones religion
  • (e) Trans religious Spirituality helps us to see the entire cosmos as one family in Love
  • 3. Challenges of Transreligious Spirituality
  • (a) Fear of Relativization of ones Faith
  • (b) Eclecticism
  • (c) Lack of Commitment to any Religion
  • 4. Findings of the Study
  • 5. Suggestions and Policy Recommendations
  • 6. Conclusion
  • SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY