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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1.1 The evolution of Modern Malayalam Theatre
  • 1.1.2 The investigation-points
  • 1.1.3 Justification of the Investigation
  • 1.2.0 Methodology
  • 1.2.1 Structural analysis
  • 1.2.2 Observation
  • 1.2.3 Interview
  • 1.3.0 Analysis of data
  • 1.3.1 Reporting
  • 1.4 Organisation of the Thesis
  • II. RITUAL AND THEATRE
  • 2.1.0 Introduction
  • 2.1.1 Ritual, definition and scope
  • 2.1.2 Ritual and Religion
  • 2.1.3 Ritual as irrational acts
  • 2.1.4 Ritual as Symbols
  • 2.1.5 Ritual and art
  • 2.2.0 Origin of Ritual
  • 2.2.1 Fertility cult
  • 2.2.2 Ritual and sacrifice
  • 2.2.3 Functional approach
  • 2.2.4 Ritual and Religion
  • 2.3.0 Functions of Rituals
  • 2.3.1 Social Integration
  • 2.3.2 Ritual in the modern Context
  • 2.4.0 Ritual and myth
  • 2.4.1 Myth in the modern Context
  • 2.4.2 Myth in ritual Connection
  • 2.5.0 Origin of Indian Theatre
  • 2.5.1 Ritual dances: the origin of Indian Theatre
  • 2.5.2 Theatre: Vedic origin
  • 2.5.3 Theatre: Tribal origin
  • 2.6.0 The actor - concept in Ritual arts
  • 2.6.1 Training in Ritual arts and Theatre
  • 2.6.2 Transformation and Transportation in Ritual Arts and Theatre
  • 2.6.3 Performance Theory
  • 2.6.4 Status elevation and status reversal of the performer in ritual arts
  • 2.6.5 The performative principle of Tai and Ya
  • 2.7.0 Audience in Ritual arts: Experiences
  • 2.7.1 Audience-participation: Physical level
  • 2.7.2 Audience-performer identification
  • 2.7.3 Transformation and Transportation in the Audience
  • 2.8.0 Ritual and Theatre
  • 2.9.0 Theatre-Externals in ritual arts: a lesson
  • 2.10 Analysis
  • III. RITUAL IN THEATRE (Ritual concepts in Artaud and Grotowski)
  • 3.0 Introduction
  • 3.1.1 Actor
  • 3.1.2 Theatre-language
  • 3.1.3 Actor-Training
  • 3.2.0 The ritual concept of actor in Artaud
  • 3.2.1 Theatre-Language in Artaud: Ritual relevance
  • 3.2.2 Actor-Training
  • 3.2.3 Trance in the actor, a ritual element
  • 3.2.4 Transformation and transportation
  • 3.2.5 Action in The Cenci, an analysis
  • 3.2.6 Action-sequences in The Spurt of Blood
  • 3.3.0 Audience in Artaud
  • 3.3.1 Treatment of myth and audience participation
  • 3.3.2 Catharsis in Artaud, its ritual significance
  • 3.4.0 The ritual relevance of theatre externals in Artaud
  • 3.4.1 Costumes in Artauds Theatre
  • 3.4.2 Stage-props and sets
  • 3.4.3 Musical instruments: Music and Sound
  • 3.4.4 Light as visual symbol
  • 3.5 Analysis
  • 3.6.0 Actor-concept in Grotowski, ritual influence
  • 3.6.1 The difference in the concept of the actor in Grotowski and Artaud.
  • 3.6.2 Action as sacrifice and autopenetration, a ritual quality
  • 3.6.3 Acting-Score or theatre language in Grotowski: A comparison with ritual arts
  • 3.6.4 Preparation of the Actor in Grotowski; ritual influence
  • 3.6.5 Actor in Grotowski, ritual influence of the East
  • 3.6.6 Grotowski and Balinese Theatre
  • 3.6.7 Body-memory, a ritual concept
  • 3.6.8 Transformation and Transportation in Grotowskis actor, a ritual comparison
  • 3.7.0 Audience-concept in Grotowski; ritual influence
  • 3.7.1 Catharsis in Grotowski, a social psychotherapy
  • 3.7.2 The ritual element of actor-audience communion
  • 3.7.3 New concept of the spectator
  • 3.7.4 Paratheatrical experiments - ritual elements
  • 3.7.5 Treatment of myth in Grotowski - a means of audience participation as in ritual arts
  • 3.8.0 Theatre-Externals. Sensuous elements in Grotowskis Cos
  • 3.9.0 Analysis
  • IV. THEATRE IN RITUALS
  • 4.0. Introduction
  • 4.1.0 Theyyam
  • 4.1.1 Theyyam: a community act
  • 4.1.2 Ritual enactments in Theyyam
  • 4.2.0 Actor-Concept in Theyyam
  • 4.2.1 Training of the performer in Theyyam
  • 4.2.2 Abhinaya in Theyyam and Natyasastra
  • 4.2.3 Transformation and Transportation
  • 4.2.4 Belief in the performer
  • 4.2.5 Some moments of drama in Theyyams
  • 4.2.6 Status reversal of the actor in Theyyam
  • 4.2.7 Theyyam: a theatre of cruelty
  • 4.3.0 Audience in Theyyam
  • 4.3.1 Environmental Theatre of Theyyam and audience-involvement
  • 4.3.2 Catharsis in Theyyam
  • 4.3.3 Myths in Theyyam and audience
  • 4.4.0 Costumes
  • 4.4.1 Theyyam-Costume
  • 4.4.2 Materials used in Theyyam-decoration
  • 4.4.3 Significance of weapons in Theyyam
  • 4.4.5 Mukhathezhuthu
  • 4.4.6 General functions of Masks
  • 4.4.7 Types of masks and their functions
  • 4.4.8 Properties used in Theyyam
  • 4.4.9 Lighting System
  • 4.5.0 Modernisation of Theyyam
  • 4.6.0 Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.1 Myth in Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.2 Rituals in Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.3 Actor-concept in Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.4 Traditions and perogatives of the actor
  • 4.6.5 Actor-training
  • 4.6.6 Acting-Score
  • 4.6.7 Transformation and trasportation of the performer
  • 4.6.8 From Ritual to Theatre in Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.9 Catharsis, a theatre function
  • 4.6.10 Mudiyettu as theatre, Sampoorna Mudiyettu
  • 4.6.11 The concept of the director in Mudiyettu
  • 4.7.0 Audience in Mudiyettu
  • 4.7.1 Audience-status
  • 4.7.2 Audience-belief
  • 4.7.3 Actor-audience communication
  • 4.7.4 Audience-participation, influence of Myth
  • 4.8.1 Costumes in Mudiyettu - Theatre functions
  • 4.8.2 Chuttikkaran (make-up man)
  • 4.8.3 Properties used on the stage
  • 4.8.4 Yavanika (Thirassila)
  • 4.8.5 Theatrical function ofyavanika
  • 4.8.6 Yavanika as a part of action
  • 4.8.7 Peedom
  • 4.8.8 Nilavilakku - theatre-functions
  • 4.8.9. The lighting in Mudiyettu
  • 4.8.10 Music in Mudiyettu
  • 4.9.0 The changing phases of Mudiyettu today
  • 4.9.1 Theatre lessons from Mudiyettu Analysis
  • V. INFLUENCE OF RITUALS IN MODERN MALAYALAM THEATRE - Case -Studies - Phase I
  • 5.0 Introduction
  • 5.1.0 Ritual concept in C.N.
  • 5.1.1 Artaud and C.N.
  • 5.1.2 Kali
  • 5.1.3 Myth in Kali
  • 5.1.4 Actor in Kali
  • 5.1.5 Preparation of the actor in Kali
  • 5.1.6 Ritual moments in action
  • 5.1.7 Creation of Velichappadu
  • 5.1.8 Artauds concept of using language in Kali
  • 5.1.9 Transformation and transportation of the actors
  • 5.1.10 Audience in Kali
  • 5.1.11 Catharsis in Kali
  • 5.1.12 Use of stage-props - ritual influence
  • 5.1.13 The Costume of the characters
  • 5.1.14 Music and Lighting
  • 5.1.15 Analysis
  • 5.2.0 Kavalam: Avanavan Kadampa. Introduction
  • 5.2.1 Ritual concept in Kavalam
  • 5.2.2 Ritual and Theatre in Kavalam
  • 5.2.3 Actor and actor preparation
  • 5.2.4 Actors training in Kadampa
  • 5.2.5 Acting Score - The evolution - Difference with ritual arts
  • 5.2.6 Ritual moments in action
  • 5.2.7 Transformation and Transportation of the actor
  • 5.2.8 About myths and myths in Kadampa
  • 5.2.9 Audience-concept in Kavalam Theatre and Kadampa
  • 5.2.10 Music in Kavalams Theatre and Kadampa ritual influence
  • 5.2.11. Ritual stage-props used in the play
  • 5.2.12 Ritual Constumes
  • 5.2.13 Kavalam: Artaud and Grotowski
  • 5.3.0 Mudevi Theyyam: Introduction
  • 5.3.1 Ritual concept in G.S.
  • 5.3.2 Director in G.S.
  • 5.3.3 Actor in G.S.
  • 5.3.4. Actor-training
  • 5.3.5 Actor in Mudevi Theyyam
  • 5.3.6 Transformation and transportation of the actors
  • 5.3.7 Ritual idiom in the play
  • 5.3.8 Myth in Mudevi Theyyam
  • 5.3.9 Concept of the audience in G.S. and Mudevi Theyyam
  • 5.3.10. Stage props in Mudevi Theyyam
  • 5.3.11 Ritual music in Mudevi Theyyam
  • 5.3.12 The concepts of Artaud and Grotowski in Mudevi Theyyam
  • VI. INFLUENCE OF RITUALS IN MODERN MALAYALAM THEATRE - Phase II - Case studies
  • 6.0. Introduction
  • 6.1.0 Vayala Vasudevan Pillai - Introduction
  • 6.1.1 Ritual-concept in Vayala
  • 6.1.2 Actor-concept: ritual influence
  • 6.1.3 Preparation of the actor in Agni
  • 6.1.4 Transformation and transportation in the actors
  • 6.1.5 The Treatment of myth in Agni
  • 6.1.6 Audience: ritual influence
  • 6.1.7 Ritual-sequence in the action of Agni
  • 6.1.8 Stage-props
  • 6.1.9 Music in Agni: ritual influence
  • 6.1.10 Costume
  • 6.1.11 Use of light
  • 6.1.12 General assessment of Vayalas theatre, ritual influence
  • 6.2.0 Sauparnika: R Narendraprasad (R.l. p) - Introduction
  • 6.2.1 Traditional concept in RNP
  • 6.2.2 Actor-concept in RNP and Sauparnika
  • 6.2.3 Transformation and transportation
  • 6.2.4 The conceptt of the director
  • 6.2.5 Treatment of myth in Sauparnika
  • 6.2.6 Ritual sequences in action
  • 6.2.7 Ritual stage-props
  • 6.2.8 Properties and space: their proportion
  • 6.2.9 Use of Music, ritual influence
  • 6.2.10 Audience-concept
  • 6.2.11 Audience in Sauparnika
  • 6.2.12 Analysis
  • 6.3.0 Nadugaddhika: Introduction
  • 6.3.1 Gaddhika ritual
  • 6.3.2 Treatment of myth in the play
  • 6.3.3 Actor-concept in Nadugaddhika
  • 6.3.4 The transformation and transportation in the actors
  • 6.3.5 Audience in Nadugaddhika
  • 6.3.6 Music and lighting, ritual influence
  • 6.3.7 Analysis
  • 6.4.0 Pulijanmam: Introduction
  • 6.4.1 Myth in Pulijanmam and its treatment in the play
  • 6.4.2 Actor in Punjanmam, ritual concept
  • 6.4.3 Ritual influence in the action- sequence of the play
  • 6.4.4 Audience in Pulijanmam
  • 6.4.5 Ritual stage-props
  • 6.4.6 Application of music
  • 6.4.7 Lighting, ritual influence
  • VII. CONCLUSION
  • 7.1.0 Ritual Moving towards Theatre
  • 7.1.1 The functions of actor-concept
  • 7.1.2 The uses and functions of actor training in ritual arts. Comparison with Artaud and Grotowski
  • 7.1.3 Lessons of actor-training from Theyyam and Mudiyettu
  • 7.1.4 The ritual concepts of actor-training in Modern Malayalam Theatre
  • 7.1.5 The function of transformation and transportation
  • 7.1.6 Status elevation of the actor: a ritual function
  • 7.2.1 The concept of audience - Relevance to Artaud and Grotowski
  • 7.2.2 Catharsis - Relevance in Artaud and Grotowski
  • 7.2.3 The uses and functions of myths - ritual influence
  • 7.3.0 Theatre-externals in ritual arts relevance in Artaud and Grotowski
  • 7.3.1 Theatre-externals in Theyyam: lessons
  • 7.3.2 Theatre-externals in Mudiyettu: lessons
  • 7.3.3 The uses of theatre-externals of ritual arts in C.N., Kavalam and G.S.
  • 7.3.4 Theatre-externals in Vayala, R.N.P., Baby and N.P. - Ritual bearings
  • APPENDIX I. (Interviews)
  • AI - 1 A.K. Nambiar on Theyyam
  • Al - 2 Pazhoor Damodhara Marar on Mudiyettu
  • AI - 3 Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai
  • AI - 4 P.K. Venukkuttan Nair (P.K.V) on Kali
  • AI - 5 Kavalam Narayana Panikkar (Kavalam) on Avanavan Kadampa
  • AI - 6 S. Ramanujam on Mudevi Theyyam
  • AI - 7 Vayala Vasudevan Pillai on Agni
  • AI - 8 M.K. Gopalakrishnan on Sauparnika
  • AI - 9 K.J. Baby on. Nadugaddhika
  • AI - 10 N. Prabhakaran on Pulijanmam
  • APPENDIX II. CHART SHOWING SELECT PLAYS WITH RITUAL INFLUENCE IN MODERN MALAYALAM THEATRE OF THE PERIOD OF STUDY
  • APPENDIX III. SELECT LIST OF ARTISTS/PERFORMERS/AUTHORS/DIRECTORS/ACTORS Interviewed
  • APPENDIX IV GLOSSARY
  • APPENDIX V FOOT NOTES
  • APPENDIX VI. WORK CITED AND REFERENCES