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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
1.1 Advantages of TPEs.
1.2 Classification of thermoplastic elastomers.
Fig.1.1. (a) Narrow interface in immiscible polymer blends and (b) interfacial density profile between immiscible polymers in a blend (Noolandi, Polym. Eng. SCI., 24, 70 (1984) l.
1.3 Compatibilisation.
1.3.1 Non-reactive compatibilisation (physical compatibilisation)
(i) Chemical nature of the compatibiliser
(ii) Copolymer chain microstructure
(iii) Molecular weight and composition of the copolymer
(iv) Concentration of the copolymer
(v) Location of the copolymer in the blend
(vi) Viscosity of the compatibiliser
(vii) Interaction parameter balance and heat of mixing
(viii) Blending conditions
ix) Order of addition of the compatibiliser
(a) Studies related to cornpatibilisation by the addition of graft and block copolymers
(b) Compatibilisation by the addition of third polymer
1.3.2 Reactive compatibilisation.
(a) Functionalised polypropylenes
(b) Functionalised styrene butadiene copolymers
(c) Functionalised ethylene propylene rubbers
(d) Modified polystyrene
e) Reactive extrusion
1.3.3 Dynamic vulcanisation.
Fig.1.11. Schematic representation of the morphology of dynamic vulcanised thermoplastic elastomer
1.4 Theories of compatibilisation.
1.5 Scope and objectives of the work.
1.5.1 Morphology and mechanical properties.
1.5.2 Dynamic mechanical properties
1.5.3 Rheological properties.
1.5.4 Thermal properties and crystallisation behaviour.
1.5.5 Electrical properties.
1.5.6 Transport properties.
1.6 References.
2. Experimental.
2.1 Materials used.
2.2 Blend preparation.
2.3 Physical testing of the samples.
2.4 Morphology studies.
2.5 Dynamic mechanical testing
2.6 Rheological measurements.
2.7 Determination of MFI.
2.8 Extrudate swell.
2.9 Extrudate morphology.
2.10 Determination of cross link density.
2.11 Thermogravimetric analysis.
2.12 Differential scanning calorimetry.
2.13 Wide angle X-ray scattering.
2.14 Electrical property measurements.
2.15 Sorption experiments.
2.16 References.
3. Morphology and Mechanical Properties: Effect of Blend Ratio, Compatibilisation and Dynamic Vulcanisation
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Results and discussion.
3.2.1 Binary blends.
(a) Processing characteristics
(b) Morphology of the binary blends
(c) Mechanical properties
3.2.2 Compatibilisation.
(a) Morphologyo f cornpatibilised blends
(b) Mechanical properties of cornpatibilised blends
3.2.3 Dynamic vulcanisation.
3.2.4 Filled PP / NBR blends.
3.3 References.
4. Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Effects of Blend Mechanical Properties: Effect of Blend Ratio, Compatibilisation and Dynamic Vulcanisation
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Results and discussion.
4.2.1 Binary blends.
Fig. 4.1. Variation of tan 6 of PP and NBR with temperature
Fig.4.2. Variation of loss modulus (E
Fig.4.3. Variation of storage modulus (E) of PP and NBR with temperature
Fig.4.4. Variation of tan 6 of P P m R binary blends with temperature
Fig.4.5. Variation of tan 6, due to NBR of PP/NBR binary blends with wt % ofNBR.
Fig.4.6. Variation of storage modulus (E) of binary PPmR blends with temperature.
Fig.4.7. Variation of storage modulus (E) of binary PP/NBR blends with wt % ofNBR at 30°C.
Fig.4.8. Variation of loss modulus (E) of binary PPINBR blends withtemperature.
4.2.2 Modelling of viscoelastic properties.
Fig.4.9. Experimental and theoretical curves of storage modulus of binary PPMR blends as a function of wt % of NBR at 30°C.
4.2.3 Effect of compatibilisation.
Fig.4.10. Variation of storage modulus (E) of Ph-PP compatibilised PP/NBR blends with temperature.
.Fig.4.11. Variation of modulus (E) of MA-PP compatibilised PP/NBR blends.
Fig.4.12. Variation of tan 6 of Ph-PP cornpatibilised PP/NBR blends as a functionof temperature.
Fig. 4.13. Variation of tan 6 of MA-PP compatibilised P P m R blends as a functionof temperature.
Fig.4.14. Variation of loss modulus (E) of Ph-PP compatibilised PPiNBR blendsas a function of temperature.
Fig.4.15. Variation of loss modulus (EM) of MA-PP compatibilised blends as afunction of temperature.
4.2.4 Effect of dynamic vulcanisation.
Fig.4.16. Variation of storage modulus (E) of sulphur, DCP and mixed (DCP +sulphur) vulcanised 70130 PP/NBR blends with temperature
Fig. 4.17. Variation of loss modulus (E
Fig. 4.18. Variation of tan 6 of sulphur, DCP and mixed (DCP + sulphur) vulcanised PPNBR blends with temperature.
4.3 References.
5. Rheological Properties: Effect of Blend Ratio, Reactive Compatibilisation and Dynamic Vulcanisation.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Results and discussion.
5.2.1 Effects of blend ratio and shear stress on viscosity
Fig.5.1. Effect of shear stress on melt viscosity of PP/NBR blends at differentshear rates.
Fig. 5.2. Variation of melt viscosity of PP/NBR blend with NBR concentl-ationat different shear rates.
Fig.5.3. The extrudate morphology of (a) P70, (b) P50 and (c) P30 blends
5.2.2 Comparison with theoretical predictions.
5.2.3 Effect of compatibilisation.
Fig. 5.5. The effect of shear stress on the melt viscosity of Ph-PP compatibiiised70130 PPMR blends at different shear rates.
Fig.5.6. Variation of viscosity with compatibiliser concentration.
Fig. 5.7. Effect of addition of Ph-PP on the morphology of 70/30 PPPJBR blend: (a) 5 wt %, (b) 10 wt % and (c) 15 wt %/Ph-PP.
Fig.5.8. Domain size distribution curves of Ph-PP compatibilised P7
Fig.5.9. Variation of domain size of NBR and viscosity with cornpatibiliser concentration.
Fig. 5.10. Variation of interfacial tension of 70130 PPMR blends with compatibiiser concentration.
5.2.4 Effect of dynamic vulcanisation.
Fig.5.11. Effect of shear stress on melt viscosity of dynamically wlcanisedPP/NBR blends.
Fig.5.12. Morphology of dynamically vulcanised 70/30 PP/NBR blends: (a) PS70 (b) PC70, and (c) PM70.
5.2.5 Effect of temperature.
Fig.5.13. Effect of temperature on the melt viscosity of polypropylene, nitrilerubber and 70130 PPMR blend.
Fig.5.14. Arrhenius plots of PIOOP70 and PP7010 blends
Fig.5.15. Shear rate-temperature super position master curve of P100
Fig.5.16. Shear rate-temperature super position master curve of P70.
5.2.6 Flow behavior index (n)
Fig.5.17. Effect of blend ratio on flow behaviour index n.
5.2.7 Extrudate morphology.
Fig.5.18. The effect of shear rate on the extrudate morphology of 70/30 PP/NBR blends: (a) 16.46 s-, (b) 164.04 s- and (c) 1640.4 s-1
Fig.5.19. Domain size distribution curves of P70 extruded at different shear rates.
Fig. 5.20. Schematic representation of the droplet break-up during shearing
5.2.8 Extrudate swell.
Fig.5.22. Schematic representation of morphology changes during extrusion ofdynamic wlcanised blends.
5.2.9 Melt flow index.
5.2.10 Effect of annealing.
Fig.5.25. SEM micrographs of (a) P70 and (b) PP7010 annealed for one hour at200°C.
5.3 References.
6. Thermal and Crystallisation Behaviour.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Results and discussion.
6.2.1 Thermal degradation
6.2.2 Effect of compatibilisation.
6.2.3 Effect of dynamic vulcanisation.
6.2.4 Differential scanning calorimetry.
6.2.5 Wide angle X-ray scattering.
6.3 References.
7. Dielectric Properties: Effects of Blend Ratio, Filler Addition and Dynamic Vulcanisation
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Results and discussion.
7.2.1 Volume resistivity.
7.2.2 Dielectric constant, loss factor and dissipation factor.
7.3 References.
8. Molecular Transport of Aromatic Solvents.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Results and discussion.
8.2.1 Effect of blend ratio.
8.2.2 Effect of type of cross linking.
8.2.3 Effect of penetrant size.
8.2.4 Effect of fillers.
8.2.5 Effect of temperature.
8.2.6 Thermodynamic parameters.
8.2.7 Kinetics of diffusion
8.2.8 Comparison with theory.
8.3 References.
9. Conclusion and Future Scope of the Work.
9.1 Conclusion.
9.2 Future scope of the work.
9.2.1 Crystallisation kinetics.
9.2.2 Barrier property measurements.
9.2.3 Interfacial characterisation
9.2.4 Fabrication of useful products.
APPENDIX
List of Publications