Online Thesis Search Results

TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Nature of VAM aod their distribution
Isolation and selection of effective VAM fungi
Crop response to mycorrhizal inoculation
Growth
Mineral content
Biochemical constituents
Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate
Nitrogen fixation
Effect of VAM inoculation on plant growth at different intervals
Factors influencing the natural distribution of VAM fungi in soil
Plant
Soil type
Soil pH
Effect of fertilisers
Interactions with other microorganisms
Mass multiplication of VAM fungi
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Distribution and isolation of VAM
3.1.1 Collection of soil samples
3.1.2 Determination of soil pH
3.1.3 Enumeration of VAM spore population
3.1.4 Identification of spores
3.1.4 Isolation of VAM fungi
3.1.6 Establishment of stock plants (Hayman, 1982)
3.1.7 Establishment of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 1. Sites of soil sample collection
Plate 1 funnel assembly for VAM isolation studies
3.2 Selection of VAM
3.2.1 Sterile condition
3.2.2 Studies under unsterile condition
3.2.2.1 Shoot length
3.2.2.2 Root length
3.2.2.3 Dry weight
3.2.2.4 Nodule number and dry weight
3.2.2.5 Percent of rnycorrhizal infection (Phillips and Hayman, 1970)
3.2.2.6 VAM spore count
3.2.2.7 Ethyl alcohol extraction of plant materials (Chandramohan ef al., 1967)
3.2.2.8 Quantitative estimation of total phenols
3.2.2.9 Quantitative estimation of ortho dihydroxy phenols
3.2.2.10 Determination of reducing sugars
3.2.2.11 Determination of non-reducing sugars
3.2.2.12 Determination of amino nitrogen
3.2.2.13 Quantitative estimation of starch
3.2.2.14 Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll (Amon, 1949)
3.2.2.15 Determimion of nitrogen
3.2.2.16 Estimation of phosphorus (Jackson, 1962)
3.2.2.17 Estimation of pottassium
3.2.2.18 Photosynthetic activity
3.2.2.19 Nitrogenase activity (Turner and Gibson, 1980)
3.3 Response of P.phaseoloides to VAM lnoculation at Different Intervals
3.4 Studies on P. phoseoloides Inoculated with G. fasciculatum andA. laevis at Different Levels of Rock Phosphate Application
3.5 Impact of Azotobacter sp., Beijerinckia sp. and Bacillus circulans on Root Colonisation
Enumeration of microbial population
3.6 Screening of Plants for Mass Multiplication of VAM Fungi
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Distribution and Isolation of VAM
4.1.1 Occurrence of YAM in rubber growing soils
4.1.2 Selection of VAM fungi
4.1.3 Spore identication
Description of spores
(i) Gigaspora calospora
(ii) Sclerocystis sp.
Distribution of VAM fungi in different rubber growing soils
Plates 2-12 Spores of different species of VAM
Plate 2. Gigaspora calospora
Plate3. Sclerocystis sp.
(iii) Glomus monosporum
(iv) Glomus boreale
(v) Glomus macrocarpum
(vi) Glomus epigaeum
Plate 4. Glomus monosporum
Plate 5. Glomus boreale
Plate 6. Glomus macrocarpum
Plate 7. Glomus epigaeum
(vii) Glomus multicule
(viii) Glomus flavisporum
(ix) GIomus fasciculatum
(x) Acaulospora scrobiculata
Plate 8. Glomus multicule
Plate 9. Glomus flavisporum
Plate 10. GIomus fasciculatum
Plate 11. Acaulospora scrobiculata
Plate 12. Acaulospora laevis
(xi) Acaulospora laevis
4.2 Effect of Inoculation of Different VAM Isolates on P.phaseoloides
4.2.1 Under sterile condition
4.2.1.1 Root colonisation and spore count in soil
4.2.1.2 Shoot length and weight
4.2.1.3 Root length and weight
4.2.1.4 Nodulation and nitrogenase activity
Table 2. Root colonising ability of different VAM fungi in P. phaseoloides and spore population in soil under aseptic condition
Table 3. Effect of inoculation of different VAM fungi on P.phaseoloides under sterile condition
4.2.2 Under unsterile condition
4.2.2.1 Root colonisation and spore count in soil
4.2.2.2 Shoot length and weight
4.2.2.3 Root length and weight
Table 4. Effect of different VAM fungi on root colonisation in P. phaseoloides and VAM spore popolation in soil under unsterile condition
Table 5. Effect of inoculation of different VAM fungi on P.phaseoloides under unsterile condition
Plates 13-23 Effect of different species of VAM inoculation on the growth of P.phaseoloides
Plate 13. Gi.calospora treatment
Plate 14. Sclerocystis sp. treatment
Plate 15. G.monosporum traetment
Plate 16. G.boreale treatment
Plate 17. G.macrocarpum treatment
Plate 18. G.epigaeum treatment
Plate 19. G.multicule treatment
Plate 20. G.flavisporum treatment
Plate 21. G.fasciculatum treatment
Plate 22. A.scrobiculata treatment
Plate 23. A.laevis treatment
4.2.2.4 Nodulation and nitrogenase activity
4.2.2.5 Nutrient content in plants
Table 6. Effect of inoculation of different VAM fungi on nutrient content in P.pheoloides under unsterile condition
Table 7. Effect of inoculation of different VAM fungi on certain biochemical constituents of P.phaseoloides under unsterile condition
Table 8. Effect of inoculation of differeat VAM fungi on total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity of P.phaseoloides
4.2.2.6 Biochemical contituents
4.2.2.7 Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity
4.3 Effect of Inoculation of G.farsiculatum and A.laevis on Root Colonisation, Growth and Some Biochemical constituents of P.phascoloides at Different Intervals after Planting
4.3.1 Root colonisation
4.3.2 Spore count in soil
4.3.3 Shoot weight
4.3.4 Root weight
Fig. 2. Root colonisation by VAM fungi in P.phaseoloides
Fig. 3. Spore count in soil inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 4. Shoot weight of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 5. Root weight of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
4.3.5 Nodule number and weight
4.3.6 Nitrogenase activity
4.3.7 Biochemical changes
Fig. 6. Nodulation in P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 7. Nodule weight of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 8. Nitrogenase activity of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 9. Reducing sugars content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 10. Non-reducing sugars content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 11. Starch content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
4.3.8 Nutrient content in plants
Fig. 12. Amino nitrogen content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 13. Total phenols content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 14. O.D. phenols content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 15. Nitrogen content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 16. Phosphorus content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
Fig. 17. Potassium content of P.phaseoloides inoculated with VAM fungi
4.4 Effect of Different Levels of Rock Phosphate Application and Inoculation of G.fasciculatum and A. laevis on Root Colonisation, Nutrient Content and Growth of P.phaseoloides
4.4.1 Root colonisation and spore count in soil
4.4.2 Growth, nodulation and nitrogen activity
Fig. 18. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root colonisation of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 19. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on spore count in soil of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 20. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on shoot length of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 21. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on shoot weight of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 22. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root length of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 23. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root weight of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 24. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on nodule number of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 25. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on nodule weight of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 26. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on nitrogenase activity of P.phaseoloides
4.4.3 Nutrient content in plants
Fig. 27. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on shoot P content of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 28. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on shoot N content of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 29. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on shoot K content of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 30. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root N content of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 31. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root P content of P.phaseoloides
Fig. 32. Effect of VAM inoculation at 3 levels of P on root K content of P.phaseoloides
4.5 Impact of Azotobacter sp., Beijerinckia sp. and B.circulans on Root colonisation by G.fasciculatum and Growth, Nutrient Content and Rhizosphere Microbial Population of P.phaseoloides
4.5.1 Root colonisation and spore count in soil
Table 9. Effect of G. fncichmn and beneficill bacteria on P.pharcoloides root colonisation and spore count in soils
4.5.2 Growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity
4.5.3 Rhizosphere microflora
Table 10. Effect of G.fasciculatum and beneficial bacteria on growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of P.phaseoloides
Table 11. Effect of G.fasciculatum and beneficial bacteria on the rhizosphere microflora population per g of rhizosphere soil
4.5.4 Nutrient content
Table 12. Effect of G.fasciculatum and beneficial bacteria on NPK content (mg plant-5) of P.phaseoloides
4.6 Screening of Plants for Mass Multiplication of G.fasciculatum
Plate 24. Mass Multiplication of G.fasciculatum in different host plants
Plate 25. Arbuscules and external mycelia of G.fasciculatum
Plate 26.Extramatrical spores of G.fasciculatum
Plate 27. Vesicles of G.fasciculatum
Table 13. Root colonisation md spore count after 40 days in soil upon G.fasciculatum inoculation on various host plants
5. DISCUSSION
5.1 Distribution and Isolation of VAM
5.2 Effect of Inoculation of Different VAM Isolates on P.phaseoloides
5.3 Effect of Inoculation of G.fasciculatum and A.laevis on Root Colonisation, Growth and Some Biochemical Constituents of P.phaseoloides at Different Intervals after Planting
5.4 Effect of Different Levels of Rock Phosphate and Inoculation of G.fasciculatum and A.laevis on VAM Colonisation, Nutrient Content and Growth of P.phaseoloides
5.5 Impact of Azotobacter sp., Beijerinckia sp. and B.circulans on Root Colonisation by G.fasciculatum and Growth, Nutrient Content and Rhizosphere Microbial Population of P.phaseoloides
5.6 Screening of Host Plants for Mass Multiplication of VAM
6. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
ANNEXURE