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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Occurrence and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhizae and plant growth
Plant parasitic nematode management using AMF
Mechanism of biocontrol by AMF
Improved host nutrition
Root damage compensation
Competition for host photosynthates
Competition for infection/colonization sites
Anatomical and morphological changes in the root system
Microbial changes in the mycorrhizosphere
Activation of plant defence mechanisms
Arbuscular mycorrhizae in medicinal plants
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location and soil
Soil sterilization
Planting material
Evaluation of different AMF isolates on the growth of Kaempferia galanga
Mycorrhizal inoculam and inoculation
Observation on plant growth characteristics
Yield and dry matter production
Estimation of mycorrhizal colonization percentage
Estimation of mycorrhizal spore count
Estimation of nutrient content (phosphorus) in plant tissues
Screening of native AMF isolates against root-knot disease of Kaempferia galanga in green house
Inoculation with AMF
lnoculation with nematodes
Galling and nematode population
Field evaluation of AMF isolates and Meloidogyne incognita interaction
Biochemical changes as influenced by dual inoculation with AMF and Meloidogyne incognita
Estimation of total phenol content
Estimation of orthodihydric (OD) phenol content
Estimation of total and reducing sugars
Influence of AMF on essential oil and oleoresin content of Kaemnpferia galanga
Isolation of essential oil
Estimation of oleoresin
Statistical analysis
4. RESULTS
Preliminary screening of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Testing of native AMF isolates in sterilized soil conditions
1 Pot experiment to study the effect of different AMF on the growth of Kaempferia galanga
2 Effect of different AMF on the growth of Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
1 Leaf number of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF at different stages of growth in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
2 Influence of inoculation with different AMF on leaf length of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
3 Influence of inoculation with different AMF on leaf width of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
4 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on tillering of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
5 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on number of leaves, leaf length width and number of tillers of Kaempferia galanga in green house study at the time of harvest under sterilized soil conditions
3 Effect of different AMF on the root growth of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
6 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on fresh weight of plant top root, rhizome and total fresh weight of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
7 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on volume of root and root length of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
4 Vesicles and mycelia of ANT in root tissue of Kaempferia galanga
8 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on AMF colonization and spore count in Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
9 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on dry weight of plant top, root, rhizome and dry weight of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
1 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on dry weight of rhizome and plant of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
Testing of native AMF isolates in unsterilized soil conditions
10 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on phosphorus content of plant top and root in Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
2 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on phosphorus content of plant top and root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
11 Leaf number of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF at different stages of growth in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
12 Influence of inoculation with different AMF on leaf length of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
13 Influence of inoculation with different AMF on leaf width of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
5 Effect of different AMF on root growth of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
14 Influence of inoculation with different AMF on tillering of Kaempferia galanga at different stages of growth in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
15 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on number of leaf, leaf length, width and number of tillers of Kaempferia galanga in green house study at the time of harvest under unsterilized soil conditions
16 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on fresh weight of plant top, root, rhizome and total fresh weight of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
6 Effect of different AMF on the root growth of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
17 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on volume of root and length of root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
18 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on AMF colonization and spore count in Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
19 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on dry weight of plant top, root, rhizome and total dry weight of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
3 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on dry weight of rhizome and plant of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
20 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on phosphorus content of plant top and root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
4 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on phosphorus content of plant top and root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
Effect of native AMF isolates on root - knot nematode (Meliodogyne incognita) infestation in Kaempferia galanga
Effect of native isolates on root - knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infestation in Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
7 Effect of different AMF on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
8 Effect of AMFi3 on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
9 Effect of AMFi3 on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
21 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of rhizome and root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
5 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of rhizome and root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
Effect of native AMF isolates on root - knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infestation in Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
22 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita infestation in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
6 Root-knot nematode population in the rhizosphere soil, nematode larvae and root-knot count in the root of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
23 Mycorrhizal colonization and spore count in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
24 Inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on phosphorus content of root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under sterilized soil conditions
25 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of root and rhizome of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
7 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of root and rhizome of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
10 Effect of different AMP on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
11 Effect of different AMFi3 on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
12 Effect of AMFi3 on the growth of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilized soil conditions
26 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
8 Root-knot nematode population in the rhizosphere soil, nematode larvae and root- knot count in the root of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF in green house under unsterilized soil conditions
27 Mycorrhizal colonization and spore count in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
28 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on phosphorus content of root of Kaempferia galanga in green house study under unsterilized soil conditions
Field evaluation of selected AMF isolates
Field i - Pulluvazhy Ernakulam District
29 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on fresh weight of plant top, root, rhizome and total fresh weight of Kaempferia galanga in field - i (Pulluvazhy)
13 Effect of AMF on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga in the field-View of experimental field at Pulluvazhy
14 Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga by AMFi3 in the field at Pulluvazhy
30 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of plant top, root, rhizome and total dry weight of Kaempferia galanga in field -i (Pulluvazhy)
9 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of rhizome and plant of Kaempferia galanga in the field at Pulluvazhy
Field ii - Kakkanad Ernakulam District
31 Root-knot nematode infestation in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in field -i (Pulluvazhy)
10 Root-knot nematode population in the rhizosphere soil, nematode larvae and root knot count in the root of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in the field at Pulluvazhy
32 Mycorrhizal colonization and spore count in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in field -i (Pulluvazy)
33 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on fresh weight of plant top, root, rhizome and total fresh weight of Kaempferia galanga in field - ii (Kakkanad)
15 Effect of AMFi3 on Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga in the field at Kakkanad
34 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on dry weight of plant top, root, rhizome and dry weight of Kaempferia galanga in field - ii (Kakkanad)
11 Effect of inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita on the dry weight of rhizome and plant of Kaempferia galanga in the field at Kakkanad
35 Root-knot infestation in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in field - ii (Kakkanad)
12 Root-knot nematode population in the rhizosphere soil, nematode larvae and root - knot count in the root of Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in the field at Kakkanad
Biochemical changes in Kaempferia galanga due to AMF colonization in the presence of root - knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
Effect of AMFi3 on total and orthodihydric phenol content
16 Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Kaempferia galanga by AMFi3 in the field at Kakkanad
36 Mycorrhizal colonization and spare count in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with different AMF and Meloidogyne incognita in field ii - (Kakkanad)
The total and reducing sugar content of Kaempferia galanga as influenced by AMFi3
37 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on total phenol content of root of Kaempferia galanga
38 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on the orthodihydric phenol content of root of Kaempferia galanga
13 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on to the phenol content of the root of Kaempferia galanga
14 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on orthodihydric? phenol content of the root of Kaempferia galanga
39 Total sugar content of plant top in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita
40 Total sugar content of root in Kampferia galanga influenced by inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita
15 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on the total sugar content of plant top in Kaempferia galanga
16 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on the total sugar content of the root of Kaempferia galanga
41 Reducing sugar content of plant top in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita
42 Reducing sugar content of root in Kaempferia galanga influenced by inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita
17 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and is Meloidogyne incognita on reducing sugar content of plant top in Kaempferia galanga
18 Effect of inoculation with AMFi3 and Meloidogyne incognita on reducing sugar content of the root Kaempferia galanga
Essential oil and oleoresin content of Kaempferia galanga influenced by AMF inoculation
43 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on essential oil content of Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
44 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on essential oil content of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilzied soil conditions
19 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on the essential oil content of Kaempferia galanga under sterilized and unsterilized soil conditions
45 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on oleoresin content of Kaempferia galanga under sterilized soil conditions
46 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on oleoresin content of Kaempferia galanga under unsterilised soil conditions
20 Effect of inoculation with different AMF on the oleoresin content of Kaempferia galanga under sterilized and unsterilized soil conditions
Effect of AMF on chemical composition of essential oil of Kaernpferia galanga
47 Chemical components identified in the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga inoculated with different AMF
5. DISCUSSION
6. SUMMARY
7. REFERENCES