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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
  • 1. Introduction and Review of literature
  • Introduction
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 1.1 Diabetes mellitus
  • 1.2 Free radicals
  • Fig. 1.1 The reaction of a free radical with a non-radical species.
  • Fig. 1.2 General pathway by which increased oxidative stressmay contribute to development of disease
  • 1.3 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • 1.4 Damage produced by Reactive oxygen species in DNA, lipid and protein
  • 1.5 Defense against ROS
  • 1.6 Protection against oxygen radicals in biological systems, antioxidants
  • Fig. 1.3 The interaction of free radicals and antioxidants.
  • 1.6.1 Antioxidant enzymes
  • 1.6.2 Non-enzymatic antioxidants
  • a) Vitamin A
  • b) Vitamin E
  • c) Vitamin C
  • 1.7 Role of free radicals in disease
  • 1.8 Role of glucose transporters (GLUT) in maintaining glucose homeostasis
  • Fig. 1.4 Insulin signalling pathways that regulate glucose metabolism in muscle cells arid adipocytes
  • 1.9 Chronic Complication of diabetes
  • 1.10 Nature of collagen modifications in Diabetes
  • 1.11 Oxidative stress in diabetes
  • 1.12 Theoretical causes of antioxidant enzyme activity alterationsin diabetes
  • 1.13 Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), GLUT-4 and insulin resistance in diabetes
  • 1.14 Digestion of carbohydrates
  • 1.15 Amylase inhibitors
  • 1.16 Traditional anti-diabetes plants of India
  • 2. Materials and Methods
  • 2.1 MATERIALS
  • 2.2 METHODS
  • 2.3 Statistical analysis
  • 3. Antioxidant activity of herbal extracts and its relationship with anti-diabetic activity
  • 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 3.3 RESULTS
  • 3.4 DISCUSSION
  • 4. Antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos and Terminalia belerica (In vivo)
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 4.3 RESULTS
  • Fig. 4.1.Effect of A. mnrmelos and T. belerica on Serum Glucose Ieveb in Alloxan Diabetic Rats
  • 4.4 DISCUSSION
  • 5. Oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetic patients
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.2 PATIENTS AND METHODS
  • 5.3 RESULTS
  • 5.4 DISCUSSION
  • 6. Study of possible mechanism of action of medicinal plants having anti-diabetic property
  • 6.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 6.3 RESULT
  • Fig 6.1a Effect of plant extracts on glucose transport in GC-muscle in the presence and absence of insulin
  • Fig 6.1b Effect of plant extracts on Clurosc transport in Diaphragm in the presence and rbseore of Insulin
  • Fig 6.2 Effect of plant extracts treatment on GLUT4 protein absorption verses its protein concntration
  • 6.4 DISCUSSION
  • 7. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of a herbal formulation
  • 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 7.2 Materials and methods
  • 7.3 Results
  • Fig. 7.1 Effect of formulation on glucose tolerance in glucose loaded rats
  • Plate-2: Histopathology of liver
  • Plate-3: Histopathology of Kidney
  • Plate-4: Histopathology of pancreas
  • Plate-5
  • 7.4 DISCUSSION
  • 8. Summary and Conclusion
  • BIBILIOGRAPHY
  • List of Publications