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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF BOXES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF GRAPHS
1. INTRODUCTION
Structural Changes in the Land Holding Pattern
1.1 Dynamics of peasant mobility
Objective of the Study
Hypothesis to be Tested
Methodology of the Study
NOTES AND REFERENCES
2. HISTORY OF LAND REFORMS AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS AND MARGINAL FARMERS
British Conquest and its Impact on Land Relations
The Structure of Agrarian Society
Development of Commercial Cultivation
2.1 Total cropped area and the percentages under cash and food crops in Travancore, Malabar and Cochin (Area in thousand acres)
2.2 Trends in area under leading commercial crops in Travancore
Land Legislations in Kerala and Impact on Agrarian Relations
2.3 Condition of fixity of tenure
2.4 Percentage distribution of households by type, means of livelihood and size of operational holdings
2.5 Classification of households by type
2.6 Classification of leased in land according to tenancy status in Kerala state
2.7 Provisional number of operational holdings and area operated by size class 1985-86
2.8 Provisional number of operational holdings 1986-87
2.9 Receipt and disposal of kudikidappu applications 1970-81.
Ceiling on Land Holdings
2.10 Purchase certificate issued to cultivating tenants and kudikidappukar, 1970-81 (certificates in number and percentage)
2.11 Disposal of applications for assignment of ownership rights to tenants, 1970-81
2.12 Pre- and post- reforms land ownership patterns (in thousands)
Redistribution of Surplus Land from 1982
2.13 Area and number of beneficiaries of distributed surplus land
2.14 District wise distribution of surplus land upto 30th November 2000
2.15 Statement showing the distribution of surplus land as on 30th September 2001
2.16 Distribution of government waste Lands as on September 2001
Impact of Land Reforms in Kerala
2.17 Operational holdings by major size classes
2.18 Area operated by major size classes (1990 - 91) (area in 000 ha.)
Agrarian Institutions
Emerging Agrarian Relations & their Impact
REFERENCES AND NOTES
3. LAND USE PATTERN- AN OVERVIEW
3.1 Type of land as per records
3.2 Land use pattern in Kerala 1957-58 to 2001-02 (area figures in percentage)
3.1 Land use pattern in Kerala
Changes in the Cropping Pattern
3.3 Region wise change in wetland
3.4 Change in cropping pattern
3.5 Conversion of wetlands in Kerala
3.6 Area under principal crops 1952-53 to 2000-01
Extend and Nature of Conversion
3.7 Change in area under rice cultivation (area in lakh hectares)
3.2 Area, production and productivity of rice in Kerala
3.8 Area production and productivity of rice in Kerala from 1952-53 to 2000-01
Production and Productivity of Principal Crops
3.9 Coverage of HYV rice in Kerala 1985-86 to 2000-01
3.10 District wise area, production and productivity of rice in Kerala 1998-99 to 2000.2001
3.11 Production of important crops 1952-53 to 2000-01
3.12 Average yield of important crops 1952-53 to 2000-01
Development of Horticulture
3.13 Plantation crops - area, production and productivity (1998-99 to 2000-01)
3.14 Area under vegetables in Kerala from 1991-92 to 1999-2000
3.15 Percentage of area leased out and area leased-in by different household type to total area leased-in / out by all households; 1982
3.16 Distribution of working bullocks and male calves over the four census periods and percentage variation over 1977 to 1996 (000 nos)
Implications of Conversions
3.17 Percentage of operational holdings reporting leased-in area and percentage distribution of leased-in area during different seasons for broad size-class of operational holding
Environmental
The Impact of Tile and Brick Industries on Paddy cultivation
Causes and Consequences of the Changes
Consequences
3.18 Growth of agricultural income in Kerala
3.19 Ranking of districts by female work participation rate, 1991 and 2001
REFERENCES AND NOTES
4. ISSUES THAT ALTERED LAND LABOUR LINKAGE
4.1 Percentage distribution of main workers in Kerala
Decline in Area
4.2 Growth rates in money wages, consumer price index for agricultural labourers (CPI - AL) and farm price of rice in Kerala, 1963 - 64 to 1995 - 96
Social Change and Frame Work
4.3 Decline of area under paddy cultivation
4.1 Kerala - percentage distribution of workers by category 1961-2001
Gains of Unionization and State Intervention
Wage Gain But Job Loss
Neither Employment Nor Output Growth
4.4 Growth rates of sectored and aggregate income in Kerala at constant prices
4.5 Labour force and work force participation rates in Kerala, 1961-01
Pattern of Distributional Change
4.6 Percentage distribution of number of holdings and area operated by major size group of holdings
4.7 Percentage distribution of sample households by two broad size classes of operated area at point of origin / in 1970 and by year of origin
4.8 Intra-generational change in decile shares and in inequality
Incidence of Tenancy
4.9 Percentage of households leasing-in land to all households
4.10 Percentage of households leasing-out land to all households
4.11 Incidence of seasonal tenancy for 15 major states
4.12 Percentage distribution of area leased in by size class of operational holding by states
4.13 Percentage terms of leased-in operated area over terms of lease by Kerala state
4.14 Percentage distribution of area leased in by terms of lease for broad size of operational holdings - Kerala, percentage distribution of area leased in by term of lease
4.15 Percentage distribution of operational holdings and area operated over five broad categories of operational holdings
4.16 Percentage distribution of increments to work force in Kerala sector 1977-78 to 1987-88
REFERENCES AND NOTES
5. CHANGES IN THE MODE OF LABOUR DUE TO SHIFT IN THE. LAND USE PATTERN
Political Economy of Labour
5.1 Landholding structure
5.1 The crisis
5.2 Area under important crops 1995-96
5.3 Average farm prices of principal crops (Rupees)
5.4 Average retail prices of essential commodities 1996-2002 (rupees)
5.2 Higher productivity of labour
Methodology and Study Area
5.5 Area under major crop groups in each district of Kerala during 1992-93 (hectares)
5.6 Total area under major crop groups in Kerala - percentage distribution among the districts during 1992 - 93
5.7 Intensity of cropping in different sectors in Kerala
5.8 Percentage of cultivable area remaining uncultivated in each district of Kerala in 1976 - 77, 1986 - 87, 1991 - 92 and 1992 - 93
5.9 District wise area under betelvine cultivation in Kerala 1977-78 to 1985-86 (in hectares)
5.10 Gross area irrigated (crop wise) area in hectares
5.11 District wise number and area of total operational holding in Kerala (1990-91)
5.12 Number of families below poverty line 1998-99 (provisional)
5.13 APL, BPL families in Pathanamthitta district
The Study Area
5.1 Map - study area
5.14 Labour distribution of Kulanada panchayat
5.1 General profile of the study area
5.15 Labour distribution of the Mezhuvely panchayat
5.16 1951-1991 changes in agricultural land area
5.17 Change in the number of agricultural labourers (1951 to 1991)
Land Use Pattern and Labour Distribution of the Panchayats
5.1 Changes in agricultural area (1951-91)
5.2 Change in the number of agricultural labourers (1951-91)
5.18 Land resource according to geographic position
5.3 Average state productivity compared with Mezhuvely Panchayat
5.19 Land use pattern of Mezhuvely panchayat
5.20 Land use pattern Kulanada panchayat
5.2 Generalized transect of the study area
Distributional Analysis of Primary Date.
5.21 Occupational classification of B.P.L. families
Concept of Profit or Loss
Basis of Evaluation
Distribution of Households
5.22 Land particulars (hectares) 1996
5.23 Percentage distribution of sample lessee households by size class of owned land at the point of origin - 1970 in cents
5.24 Percentage distribution of sample lessee households by size class of owned and operated area at the point of origin in 1970 and by the year of origin of lease in cultivation in cents
5.25 Distribution of sample households by size class of their operational holding and by the type of labour (in cents)
5.3 Transect of historical events
Terms of Lease
5.26 Two-way distribution of households on the basis of rent paid
Marketing the Product
5.27 Distribution of sample households by the size class of their operational holdings and by the type of cultivation
5.28 Break-up data of cost of cultivation of betelvine
5.29 Break-up data of cost of cultivation of tapioca
Viability of Lease Cultivation
5.30 Break-up data of cost o f cultivation of banana
Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools
5.31 Yearly price income analysis - edava krishi
5.4 Time series showing edava krishi
5.32 Yearly price income analysis - thula krishi
5.33 Average income earned by a wage earner
5.5 Time series showing thula krishi
5.6 Bar chart showing the labour days of employment of a wage earner for an year
Lessor Model
5.7 Bar chart showing the labour days of employment of a rubber tapper
5.8 Bar chart showing the labour days of employment of a hollow brick company labour
5.34 Distribution of lessor households in the Padopattukulanji Kulanada panchayat
5.35 Distribution of lessor households in the Aythil, Mezhuvely panchayat
5.36 Distribution of lessor households in the Oonnukallu, Chenneerkara panchayat
5.37 Area under important crops of the lessors of the study area
5.38 Reasons for the formation of lessor model
Opinion of Trade Union Leaders
Case Study Analysis
5.39 Classification of main workers in Pathanamthitta district 1991
5.40 Percentage distribution of total workers by category of workers by sex and number of cultivators per 100 hectares of cultivable Land, 2001
REFERENCES AND NOTES
6. PROLIFERATION OF SERVICE SECTOR Vs DISAGGREGATING AGRARIAN SECTOR
Organizational Structure of WG
6.1 Average daily wages of paddy field labourer 1958 and 1997-98 (in Rs.)
6.2 Average daily wage rates of skilled workers in agricultural sector (Rs.) 1980-81 to 2001-02
6.3 Average daily wage rate of unskilled workers in the agricultural sector (Rs.) 1976-77 to 2001-2002
Boom in Service Sector
6.4 Seasonal average daily wage of casual workers 1987-1997 of Ezhamkulam Panchayat
6.5 Average daily wage rates of skilled workers in construction sector
6.6 Average daily wage rates of un-skilled workers in construction sector
6.7 Management - wise no. of higher secondary schools started in Kerala During the period 1994-2002
6.8 District -wise / management-wise no. of higher secondary schools in Kerala 2002
6.9 District - wise no. of vocational higher secondary schools in Kerala 2002-2003
6.10 University -- wise and management - wise arts and science colleges in Kerala 2002
6.11 District - wise no. of arts and science colleges in Kerala 2002
6.12 District -- wise and management - wise distribution of engineering colleges in Kerala 2002
6.13 District - wise medical institutions in Kerala from 1996 2002
6.14 Medical Institutions in the nine blocks of Pathanamthitta district
6.15 Number of migrants as per work
6.16 Total migrant as per the income received
6.17 Panchayats and wards of Pathanamthitta District
6.18 Distribution of sample preference holders by age, sex and marital status
6.19 Size of family and number of dependants of the preference holders
6.20 Employment cum educational status of sample preference holders
6.21 Distribution of sample workers by the type of employment and by caste type
6.22 Distribution of sample workers by the type of labour and wage
6.23 Distribution of Sample workers by the type of subsidized work preference
6.24 Distribution of sample workers by the type of social activity
6.1 Dutch disease model
6.2 Salter diagram
Effect of Boom on Output
6.25 Supply and disposal of rice (1990: 1991)
6.26 Major food items in Kerala requirement and availability (000 tons)
REFERENCES AND NOTES
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION
Major Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY