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TITLE
CERTIFICATE 1
CERTIFICATE-2
CERTIFICATE 3
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Factors influencing latex flow
1.2 Limiting factors in latex flow
1.3 Parameters linked with flow
1.3.1 Total solids content (TSC)
1.3.2 Bursting Index (BI)
1.3.3 Thiols
1.3.4 Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.4 Carbohydrate metabolism and latex flow
1.5 Adenylates and latex flow
1.6 Factors involved in the cessation of flow after tapping
1.7 Implications of stress on latex flow and yield
1.8 Implications of tapping frequency on latex flow and yield
1.9 Effect of Stimulation on latex flow and yield
1.10 Stimulation induced metabolic changes
1.11 Latex flow characteristics and Tapping panel dryness (TPD)
2 MATEREALS AND METHODS
2.1. Location
2.2. Plant materials for Experiment 1&2
2.3. Plant materials for Experiment-3
2.3.1. Method of stimulation
2.4. Plant materials for Experiment-4
2.5. Physiological parameters
2.5.1. Latex yield
2.5.2. Dry rubber yield
2.5.3. Dry rubber content (DRC)
2.5.4. Total solid content (TSC)
2.5.5. Turgor pressure (TP)
2.5.6. Initial flow rate I unit length of tapping cut
2.5.7. Plugging index (PI)
2.6. Collection and separation of different fractions of latex for biochemicalanalysis
2.6.1 Preparation of B-serum
2.7 Biochemical parameten
2.7.1. Bursting index (BK) of lutoids
2.7.2. Extraction of thiols and inorganic phosphorus from latex
2.7.3 Estimation of inorganic phosphorBus in latex
2.7.4. Extraction and estimation of phenols in latex
2.7.5. Extraction and estimation of proline in latex
2.7.6. Extraction and estimation of adenine nucleotides in latex
2.7.7 ATPase ACTIVITY OF LUTOmS
2.7.8. Estimation of total protein in C-and B-serum
2.7.9 Electrophoresis of C-serum proteins using phast system (PharmaciaLKB Biotechnology)
2.7.10 Eectrophoresis of B-serum proteins using Phsst System (PharmaciaLKB Biotechnology)
2.7.11 Glutamine synthatase activity in C-serum
2.7.12 Glutathione reductase activity in C- serum
2.7.13. Superoxide dismntase activity in C- and B- serum
2.7.14. Peroxidase activity of C and B serum
2.7.15 Catalase activity in C and B serum
2.7.16 β- 1, 3 Glucanase activity in & serum
2.7.17. N- acetyl glucosaminidase activity in B-serum
2.7.18 Chitinase activity in B-serum
2.7.19. Bevein content of B-serum
2.7.20. Extraction of bark samples for biochemical analysis
3 RESULTS
3.1 Seasonal variations in physiological and biochemical parameters associated with latex flow, cessation of flow and production.
3.1.1 Monthly variations in yield and physiological parameters
3.1.2 Seasonal variations in yield and physiological parameters
3.1.3 Relationship between yield and physiological parameters
3.1.4 Seasonal variations in latex flow characteristics
3.1.5 Seasonal variations in thiols
3.1.6 Seasonal variations in energy metabolism
3.1.7. Seasonal variations in antioxidant enzymes
3.1.8 Seasonal variations in proteins and glutamine synthetase activity
3.1.9 Seasonal variations in enzymes associated with cessation of latex flow
3.2. Variations in yield, physiological and biochemical parametersassociated with different tapping frequencies in clone RRII 105.
3.2.1. Monthly variations in yield and physiological parameters
3.2.2 Effect of tapping frequency on yield and physiologicai parameters
3.2.3. Effect of tapping frequency on latex flow characteristics
3.2.4. Effect of tapping frequency on thiols
3.2.5. Effect of tapping frequency on antioxidant enzymes
3.2.6. Effect of tapping frequency on proteins and glutamine synthetase activily
3.2.7. SDS-PAGE profile of C- and B-serum proteins
3.2.8. Effect of tapping frequency on enzymes associated with cessation of flow
3.2.9. Hevein content of B serum of high and low frequency tapped trees.
3.3. STIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
3.3.1. Latex yield
3.3.2 Turgor pressure
3.3.3.Initial flow rate
3.3.4. Plugging lndex
3.3.5 Bursting Index
3.3.6 Dry rubber content
3.3.7. Total solid content
3.3.8. Phenols
3.3.9. Proline
3.3.10. Protein (C-serum)
3.3.11. B-serum proteins
3.3.12 Glutamine synthetase (C-serum)
3.3.13. ATP in latex
3.3.14 Latex thiols
3.3.15 Thiols (C-serum)
3.3.16. Glutathione reductase
3.3.17. Peroxidase
3.3.18 Super oxide dismutase
3.3.19 β-1, 3 glucanase
3.4. Clonal variations in biochemical parameters associated with latex flow
3.4.1. Clonal variations in yield, DRC and plugging index
3.4.2. Clonal variations in thiols, inorganic phosphorus and glutathionereductase activity of C-serum.
3.4.3. Clonal variations in proteins, glutamine synthetase and β- 1, 3 glucanase activities
3.4.4. Clonal variations in antioxidant enzymes
3.4.5. Clonal variations in adenine nucleotides
3.4.6. Variations in ATP/ADP, AEC and ATP ase activities
4 DISCUSSION
4.1. Seasonal differences in physiological and biochemical parametersassociated with latex flow, cessation of flow and production
4.2. Variations in yield, physiological and biochemieal parameters associated with different tapping frequency in clone RRII 105.
4.3.Biochernical changes associated with Tapping Panel Dryness
4.4. Immediate effects of stimulation on yield, physiological and biochemical parameters in clone RRIl105 under 1/2s d/4 6d/7 tapping system.
4.5. Stimulation and intensive tapping
4.6. Stimulation and tapping rest
4.7.CIonal variations in yield and associated biochemical changes
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES