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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY
1.1.0.0 Introduction
1.2.0.0 Selection of the Topic
1.3.0.0 Hypothesis
1.4.0.0 Objectives of the Study
1.5.0.0 Scope and Limit of the Study
1.6.0.0 universe of the Study
1.7.0.0 Sample Design
1.8.0.0 Methods and Tools for Data Collection
1.8.1.0 Primary Sources
1.8.2.0 Secondary Sources
1.9.0.0 Data Processing
1.10.0.0 Plan of the Study
2. RURAL DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DURING PRE-PLANNING PERIOD
2.1.0.0 Introduction
2.2.0.0 The Concept of Rural Development
2.3.0.0 Definitions of Rural Development
2.4.0.0 Rural Development During the British Rule
2.5.0.0 Rural Development During the Pre Independence Period
2.5.1.0 Rural Reconstruction Programme by Mahatma Gandhi
2.5.2.0 The Sriniketan Experiment
2.5.3.0 The Martandam Experiment
2.5.4.0 The Gurgaon Experiment
2.5.5.0 Rural Reconstruction Programme in Baroda
2.5.6.0 The Firka Development Scheme
2.6.0.0 Rural Development Since Independence
2.6.1.0 The Etawah Pilot Project
2.6.2.0 The Nilokheri Experiment
2.6.3.0 The Bhoodan Movement
2.7.0.0 Conclusion
3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT DURING PLANNING PERIOD
3.1.0.0 Introduction
3.2.0.0 The First Five Year Plan (1951- 56)
3.2.1.0 The Community Development Programme
3.3.0.0 The Second Five Year Plan (1956- 61)
3.3.1.0 The Intensive Agricultural District Programme
3.4.0.0 The Third Five Year Plan (1961 - 66)
3.1.1.0 Applied Nutrition Programme
3.4.2.0 Panchayati Raj
3.5.0.0 The Interim Planning Period (1966 -69)
3.6.0.0 The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 -74)
3.6.1.0 T he Drought Prone Area Programme
3.6.2.0 The Crash Scheme for Rural Employment
3.6.3.0 Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Project
3.6.4.0 The SFDA and MFALDA
3.6.5.0 The Tribal Area Development Programme
3.6.6.0 The Minimum Needs Programme
3.7.0.0 The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974 - 79)
3.7.1.0 The Special Livestock Production Programme
3.7.2.0 The 20-Point Programme (Announced on 1 July 1975)
3.7.3.0 The Desert Development Programme
3.7.4.0 The Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
3.8.0.0 The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980 - 85)
3.8.1.0 The National Rural Employment Programme
3.8.3.0 The Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
3.8.4.0 The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
3.8.5.0 The Integrated Rural Development Programme
3.9.0.0 The Seventh Five Year Plan (1985 - 90)
3.9.1.0 Jawahar Rosgar Yojana
3.9.2.0 Million Wells Scheme
3.9.3.0 Indira Awas Yojana
3.10.0.0 The Eighth Five Year Plan (1992 -97)
3.11.0.0 The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
3.12.0.0 Conclusion
4. IRDP: CONCEPT, STRATEGY AND ADMINISTRATION 4.1.0.0 Introduction
4.2.0.0 The Evolution o f IRDP
4.3.0.0 Basic Concepts of IRDP
4.4.0.0 Objectives of IRDP
4.5.0.0 Approach and Strategy of IRDP
4.5.1.0 Poverty Line
4.5.2.0 Target Groups
4.5.2.1 Small Farmer
4.5.2.2 Marginal Farmer
4.5.2.3 Agricultural Labourer
4.5.2.4 Non Agricultural Labourer
4.5.2.5 Rural Artisan
4.5.3.0 Special Safeguards for Certain Sections of the Target Groups
4.5.3.1 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
4.5.3.2 Women
4.5.3.3 Physically Handicapped
4.5.4.0 Patterns of Subsidy Under IRDP
4.6.0.0 Administrative Set-up for Implementation of IRDP
4.6.1.0 Central Level
4.6.2.0 State Level
4.6.3.0 District Level
4.6.4.0 Block Level
4.7.0.0 Procedures for Implementation of the Programme
4.7.1.0 Identification of Beneficiary Families
4.7.2.0 Priority to Certain Categories of Beneficiaries
4.7.3.0 Selection of Schemes for Identified Families
4.7.4.0 Family to be Treated as a Unit
4.7.5.0 Size of Investment
4.7.6.0 Eligible Activities under the Programme
4.7.7.0 Preference to Cluster Approach and Group Activities
4.8.0.0 Planning and Project Formulation
4.8.1.0 Perspective or Indicative Plans
4.8.2.0 Annual Action Plans
4.8.3.0 Annual Plan
4.8.4.0 Project Formulation
4.8.5.0 Approval of Annual Action Plans
4.9.0.0 Sanction of Schemes and Procurement of Assets
4.9.1.0 Preparation of Loan Applications
4.9.2.0 Transmission of Applications to the Banks
4.9.3.0 Sanction of Schemes by the Banks
4.9.4.0 Procurement of Assets
4.10.0.0 Insurance Cover for Various Assets
4.10.1.0 Livestock Insurance
4.10.1.1 Other Facilities
4.10.1.2 Scope of Cover
4.10.1.3 Sum Insured
4.10.1.4 Claim Procedure
4.10.1.5 Adjustment of Insurance Claim Money
4.10.2.0 Expenditure on Premium
4.10.3.0 Group Life Insurance Scheme
4.11.0.0 Institutional Finance for IRDP
4.11.1.0 Village Credit Camps
4.11.2.0 Distribution of Loans on Fixed Days
4.12.0.0 Repayment of IRDP Loans
4.12.1.0 Number of Installments for Repayment of Loans
4.12.2.0 Loan Passbooks
4.12.3.0 Recovery of IRDP Loans
4.13.0.0 Consultative Arrangements for Credit
4.13.1.0 High Level Committee at Central Level
4.13.2.0 State Level Consultative Committee
4.13.3.0 District Level Consultative Committee
4.13.4.0 Block Level Consultative Committee
4.14.0.0 Action Against Misutilisation of Assistance
4.15.0.0 follow-up, Monitoring and Evaluation of IRDP
4.15.1.0 follow-up
4.15.2.0 Monitoring
4.15.3.0 Evaluation
4.15.3.1 Concurrent Evaluation
4.15.3.2 Evaluation Studies
4.16.0.0 Awareness Building and Publicity
4.16.1.0 Awareness Building
4.16.2.0 Publicity
4.17.0.0 Research and Training
4.17.1.0 National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
4.17.2.0 State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD)
4.17.3.0 Extension Training Centres
4.18.0.0 Peoples Participation in Rural Development
4.19.0.0 Role of Voluntary Organizations in Development
4.20.0.0 Conclusion
5. IRDP AND KERALA: AN EVALUATION l
5.1.0.0 Introduction
5.2.0.0 Problems faced during the Field Study
5.3.0.0 Socio-Economic Profile of the IRDP Beneficiaries
5.3.1.0 Age-wise Classification of the Beneficiaries
1 Age-wise Classification of the Beneficiaries
5.3.2.0 Educational Status of the Beneficiaries
2 Educational Status of the Beneficiaries
5.3.3.0 Annual Income of the Beneficiaries
I Educational Status of the Beneficiaries
3 income-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
5.3.4.0 Caste-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
4 Caste-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
2 Annual Income of the Beneficiaries
3 Caste-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
5.3.5.0 Religion of the Beneficiaries
5 Religion-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
5.3.6.0 Occupational Classification of the Beneficiaries
4 Religion-wise Division of the Beneficiaries
5.3.7.0 Marital Status of the Beneficiaries
6 Occupational Classification
5.3.8.0 Family Structure of the Beneficiaries
7 Marital Status of the Beneficiaries
8 Family structure of the Beneficiaries
5.3.9.0 Land Ownership of the Beneficiaries
5.3.10.0 Landholdings of the Beneficiaries
9 Land Ownership of the Beneficiaries
5.3.11.0 Sector-wise Division of Loan
10 Landholdings of the Beneficiaries
5.3.12.0 Loan Repayment
11 Sector-wise Distribution of Loan
5.3.13.0 Reasons for Default in Repayment
12 Repayment of IRDP Loan
13 Reasons for Default in Repayment
5.3.14.0 Satisfaction of the Scheme
5.3.15.0 Satisfaction of the Loan Amount
14 Satisfaction of the Scheme
5.3.16.0 The Source of Loans while in Distress
15 Satisfaction / Sufficiency of Loan Amount
5.3.17.0 Other Financial Liabilities of the Beneficiaries
16 The Source of Loans while in Distress
5.3.18.0 Existence of the IRDP Assets
17 Other Financial Liabilities
18 Existence of IRDP Assets
5.3.19.0 Evaluation Procedure
19 Evaluation Procedure
5.3.20.0 Periodicity of Visits
5.3.21.0 Information about IRDP to the Beneficiary
20 Periodicity of Visits of Block / Bank Officials
5.3.22.0 Influence of Political Leaders
21 The Source of Information about IRDP
5.3.23.0 Paying Money to Obtain the Loan
22 Influence of Political Leaders
23 Donation or Bribe to Obtain Loan
5.3.24.0 Permanence of Occupation Obtained under IRDP
24 Permanence of Occupation
5.3.25.0 Nature of Wages Obtained under IRDP
5.3.26.0 Training or Awareness towards IRDP
25 Nature of Wages Obtained by the Beneficiaries
5.3.27.0 Socio-Economic Improvement under IRDP
26 Need for Training Facilities
5.3.28.0 Loans and Improvement in Family Income of the Beneficiaries
27 Socio-economic Improvement of the Beneficiaries
28 Improvement in Family Income
5.3.29.0 The Real Beneficiaries of IRDP
29 The Real Beneficiaries of IRDP
5.4.0.0 Conclusion
6. GANDHIAN CONCEPT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
6.1.0.0 Introduction
6.2.0.0 Gandhian Dream of Indian Villages
6.2.1.0 Trusteeship
6.2.2.0 Swadeshi
6.2.3.0 Self-sufficiency
6.2.4.0 Bread Labour
6.2.5.0 Grama Swaraj
6.3.0.0 Constructive Programme
6.3.1.0 Communal Unity
6.3.2.0 Removal of Untouchability
6.3.3.0 Prohibition
6.3.4.0 Khadi
6.3.5.0 Other Village Industries
6.3.6.0 Village Sanitation
6.3.7.0 New or Basic Education (Nai Talim)
6.3.8.0 Adult Education
6.3.9.0 Women
6.3.10.0 Education in Health and Hygiene
6.3.11.0 Provincial Languages
6.3.12.0 National Language
6.3.13.0 Economic Equality
6.3.1.1.0 Kisans
6.3.15.0 Labour
6.3.16.0 Adivasies
6.3.17.0 Lepers
6.3.18.0 Students
6.4.0.0 IRDP: A Gandhian Critique
6.5.0.0 Conclusion
7. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
7.1.0.0 Major Findings of the Study
7.2.0.0 Suggestions for Better and Effective Implementation of the Programme
7.3.0.0 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I INTERVLEW SCHEDULE FOR THE BENEFICIARIES
APPENDIX II A. Department Staff
B. Other Institutions
APPENDIX III Rural Household Below Poverty Line (1996)
APPENDIX IV Achievement of IRDP
APPENDIX V Investment under different categoriesInvestments (Rupees in lakhs)
APPENDIX VI Population of EAS Blocks of the Sample Districts
APPENDIX VII Populatio~o~f EAS Blocks - 1991
APPENDIX VIII lRDP Recovery Camps