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Title
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
Rationale of the Study
Objectives
Methodology
Limitations
CHAPTER SCHEME
II. Approaches to Education: An Overview
Education in Pre-Smithian Economic Thought
Classical Thought on Education
Modern Approaches to Education
Human Capital Approach
Screening or Filtering Approach
Passport to Job Competition and Entry
Consumption-lnvestment Aspects of Education
Intrinsic Value and Instrumental Role of Education
Economic and Non-Economic Objectives of Education
Education and Social Change
Economic Value of Education
Educational Expenditure Policy and Rate of Return Studies
Private and Institutional Cost of Education
Investment Analysis in Education
III. History of Educational Initiatives in Kerala
Educational Initiatives During Pre-Independence Period
Education During Pre-British Period
Educational lnitiatives During Pre-independence
Social Scene of Kerala During 19th century
Early Educational Initiatives
lnitiatives for English Education
Educational Efforts in the Second Half of the 19th century
Governmental intervention in Education
Initiatives for Vernacular Education
Grant-in-aid Scheme of 1869
Provety (village) School Scheme of 1871
Book Committee in 1867
Normal School
Local Effort in Vernacular Education
Education Rules and Grant-in-Aid Code of 1894
Female Education
Education of the Low Castes
Socio-Economic Compulsions in Educational Expansion
Educational Efforts in the First Half of the 20th Century
Education Code 1910
Fee Concessions, Grants and Meals
Free and Compulsory Education
Educational Efforts in the Post-Independence Period
Private Secondary School (PSS) Scheme
Abolition of Fees
Kerala Education Rules
Educational Efforts to Reduce Regional Disparities
Special Education Efforts for Backward Communities
Special Efforts to Increase Female Literacy
3.1 Literacy by Caste, 1911-31, Travancore
Other Measures
a. School feeding programme
3.2 Literacy Rate in Kerala from 1951-2001
b. Whole promotion system
c) Travel concessions
Educational Expansion Since 1990s
3.3 Literacy Rate in Kerala and India from 1901-2001
3.4 Distribution of Schools in Kerala According to the Types of.Management
3.5 Distribution of Enrolment According to the Type of Management of Schools in Kerala
3.6 Percentage Distribution of Enrolment of Type of Management of Schools
Private Educational Initiatives
Missionary Initiatives in Kerala
Educational Initiatives of the Indigenous Christians
Community Initiative in Education
SNDP and Ezhava Movement
SJPS and the Pulayas
Nair Service Society and its Educational Efforts
Educational Initiatives of MES and Muslims
Communalisation, Politicisation and Commercialisation in Education
CONCLUSION
IV. Educational Initiative: A Micro Level Analysis
Catholic Educational Agencies and their First Schools
Catholics and English Education
St. Ephrems High School Mannanam
Teachers of the School
Resource Mobilisation and Public Participation
St. Berchmans High School Changanacherry
Educational Facilities in Changanacherry During 19th Century
Early Initiative in Starting St. Berchmans School
Students Memorandum
Oppositions from the Government School
Opening of the New School
School Boarding
Recognition of the School
Resource Mobilisation for the School
Admission of Students from All Castes
Pastoral Letters and School Education
Ezhava Community and Their Educational Efforts
SNDP and Its Early Schools
Sivagiri High School, Sivagiri, Varkala
Resource Mobilisation
SNDP School at Aluwa
Nair Service Society and Their First Schools
Nair Service Society and Education
N.S.S. School Karukachal
Reasons for Starting School at Karukachal
Resource Mobilisation for School Construction
Bhikshadanam or Begging
Inauguration of the School
Prakkulam N.S.S. School
Origin of the School
Fund Mobilisation
CONCLUSION
V. School Choice, Process and Performance: A Comparative Study of the Schools Under Different Managements
5.1 Distribution of Schools in Kerala According to the Types of Management
Definitions and Concepts
1. Management
Private Aided Schools
Private Unaided Schools
Recognised Schools
Unrecognised Schools
Structure of Schools in Kerala
Profile of the Sample Design
5.20 Percentage Distribution of Reported Adequacy / Inadequacy of Drinking Water Facilities and Separate Toilets
5.3 Literacy Rate in Kerala by District Wise
5.4 Taluk Wise Distribution of Literacy Rate in Kottayam District
5.5 Distribution of Total Schools in Changanacherry Taluk by Level and Management
5.6 Distribution of Schools Under Urban / Rural Classification
Section I
School Choice
5.7 Sample Size Distribution of Students
Socio-economic Profile of Students by Type of Management
Educational Status and School Selection
5.8 Percentage Distribution of Students Under Different Managements by Community / Caste
Parental Occupation and School Selection
5.9 Educational Status of the Head of Households by Management
5.10 Percentage Distribution of Occupation of Households Under Different Managements
5.11 Percentage Distribution of Households by Occupation and Caste
Parental Income and School Selection
5.12 Distribution of Students in Schools by Household Income
Other Determinants of School Selection
Factor Analysis
Steps in Factor Analysis
Results of Factor Analysis
5.13 Descriptive Statistics
KMO and Bartlettss Test
5.14 KMO and Bartletts Test
5.15 Commonalities
5.16 Total Variance Explained
5.17 Component Matrix
Section II
Infrastructure Facilities and School Process
Physical Facilities and Basic Amenities
5.18 Percentage Distribution of Reported Adequacy / Inadequacy of Class Room and Laboratory
5.19 Percentage Distribution of Reported Adequacy / Inadequacy of Library Facilities and Teaching Aids
Basic Amenities
5.2 Total Number of Schools, by Level and Management,. 1999-2000
Physical Access to School
5.21 Percentage Distribution of Students Under Various Managements by Distance
Students strength
5.22 Frequency Distribution of the Sample According Class Strength
5.23 Average Student Strength in a Class
5.24 Percentage Distribution of Students According to Class Strength by Medium and Level
School Process
Teachers Selection Criteria in Schools
5.25 Criteria of Teachers Selection
Age, Experience and Qualification of Teachers
5.26 Age Distribution of Teachers
5.27 Distribution of Teachers According to Experience
5.28 Distribution of Teacher According to Qualification
5.29 Gender Ratio Among Teachers
Working Hours and Days
5.30 Distribution of Teacher Vacancy by Management / Level
5.31 Percentage Distribution of Class Timings in School
Evaluation Methods
Regular Homework and Timely Correction
5.32 Distribution of Average Working Days by Management / Level
Regular Examinations
5.33 Percentage Distribution of Adequacy / Inadequacy in Regular Home Works and Timely Correction.
Revision Tests, Remedial Classes, Special Classes and Individual Assessment
5.34 Distribution of Adequacy / Inadequacy in Monthly Tests and Termly Examinations
5.35 Distribution of Adequacy / Inadequacy in Revision Tests, Remedial Classes and Individual Assessment
5.36 Percentage Distribution of Special Classes in Schools
Section Ill
Scholastic Performance
5.37 Performances in SSLC Examination
CONCLUSION
VI. Private Cost of Education
6.1 Household Expenditure on Elementary Education by Percapita Annual Income Group 1992-93
Private Cost of Education
Household Expenditure on Education
Fee Component in Government and Aided Schools
6.2 Average Annual Fees Collected in Govt. and Aided Schools
Fee Component in Unaided Schools
Non-Recurring Fees
Methodology for Estimating Non-Recurring Fee
6.3 Percentage Distribution of Average Non-Recurring Fee in Unaided Recognised Schools
6.4 Percentage Distribution of Average Non-Recurring Fee in Unaided Recognised Schools with only LP and UP Sections
6.5 Average Non-Recurring Fee in Unaided Unrecognised Schools
Recurring Fees
6.6 Average Annual Recurring Fee in Unaided Recognised Schools
6.7 Percentage of Distribution of Average Annual Recurring Fee in Unaided Recognised Schools With LP and UP Sections
6.8 Rural-Urban Classification of Average Recurring Fee in Unaided Unrecognised Schools
Non-fee Component of School Education
Expenditure on School Uniforms
6.9 Average Cost of Uniform Under Different Managements
Expenditure on Textbooks and Stationery
Expenditure on travel
a. Mode of Conveyance
6.10 Average Cost of Textbooks and Stationary
6.11 Percentage Distribution of Mode of Conveyance
b. Cost of Conveyance
Expenditure on Private Tuition
6.12 Average Annual Conveyance Cost by Management and Level
6.13 Distribution of Students Going for Private Tuition
6.14 Distribution of Students Going for Private Tuition According to Syllabus / Scheme
Place of Tuition and Subject of Tuition
6.15 Distribution of Students According to Place of Tuition
Expenditure on Private Tuition
6.16 Distribution of Average Private Cost of Education
Unit Cost of Education
6.17 Average Annual Household Expenditure by Level and Management
Urban-Rural Classification of Unit Cost
CONCLUSION
6.18 Distribution of Household Expenditure in Unaided Unrecognised School
VII. Institutional Cost of Education
Concepts and Methodology
Sample Profile of the Study
7.1 Distribution of Schools in Changanacherry Taluk
7.2 Rural-Urban Distribution of Schools in Changanacherry Taluk
7.3 Distribution of Schools in the Sample
Establishment of Schools: A Chronological Analysis
7.4 Distribution of Schools on a Chronological Order by Level and Management
Ownership Pattern and Status of Schools
7.5 Distribution of Private Schools by Ownership
Non-recurring Cost of Education
7.6 Distribution of Schools by Scheme and Syllabus
Physical Infrastructure Facilities and Its Replacement Cost
Land Area
Replacement Cost of Land Area
7.7 Distribution of Schools by Land Area
7.8 Distribution of Schools on the basis of Replacement Cost of Land
School Buildings
7.9 Distribution of Schools According to Replacement Cost of Buildings
Furniture
7.10 Distribution of Schools on the basis of Replacement Cost of Furniture
Laboratory
Library
7.11 Distribution of Schools According to Replacement Cost of Laboratories
Office Buildings
7.12 Distribution of Schools According to Replacement Cost of Library
7.13 Distribution of Schools According to Replacement Cost of Office
Recurring Cost of Education
Components of Recurring Cost
a. Salary of Teaching Staff
7.14 Mean Distribution of Teaching Staff Salary
Salary of Non-Teaching Staff
7.15 Mean Distribution of Non-Teaching Staff Salary
Recurring Cost for Building
7.16 Distribution of Recurring Cost for School Buildings
Recurring Cost for Furniture
7.17 Distribution of Recurring Cost of Furniture
Recurring Cost for Library and Laboratory
7.18 Distribution of Recurring Cost of Library
7.19 Distribution of Recurring Cost for Laboratory
Recurring Cost for Office
7.20 Distribution of Recurring Cost for Office
Unit Cost of Education
Determinants of Unit Recurring Cost
7.21 Distribution of Total Recurring Cost by Management and Level
7.22 Distribution of the Major Components of Unit Cost of Education
7.23 Unit Cost of Education by Management and Level
7.24 Distribution of Pupil -Teacher Ratio by Level and Management
CONCLUSION
VIII. Economic Analysis of Unaided Schools
Unaided Schools in Kerala
Rate of Return to Investment in Schooling
Private and Social Rate of Return to Investment
Methods of Computing the Rate of Return on Investment
Investment Analysis of Unaided Schools
Profile of the Sample
Investment Cost or Capital Expenditures of Unaided Schools
8.1 Distribution of Average Replacement Value of Capital Expenditures of Schools by Type and Level
Recurring Cash Outflows
8.2 Percentage Distribution of Average Annual Recurring Cash Outflows in Schools
Non-recurring Cash Inflows
8.3 Percentage Distribution of Average Annual Non-Recurring Capital Inflows in Recognised and Unrecognised Unaided Schools
Recurring Cash Inflows
8.4 Distribution of Average Annual Recurring Cash Inflows in Unaided Schools
Surplus Income in Unaided Schools
8.5 Distribution of Non-Recurring and Recurring Revenue in Total Revenue
8.6 Distribution of Expenditure, Revenue and the Surplus Income in Unaided Schools
Investment Techniques in Investment Analysis
Pay-back Period Analysis
8.7a Distribution of Various Values Showing the Pay Back Period for Recognised L.P School
8.7b Pay-Back Period for High School (Recognised)
8.7c Pay-Back Period for LP School (Unrecognised)
8.7d Pay-Back Period for UP School (Unrecognised)
8.8 Average Number of Students and New Entrants in Unaided Schools
CONCLUSION
IX. Summary and Conclusion
BIBILIOGRAPHY