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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
PREFACE
1. CRYSTAL GROWTH: THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Thermodynamics of crystal growth
1.3 Nucleation
1.4 Crystal growth theories
1.4.1 Surface energy theory
1.4.2 Diffusion theory
1.4.3 Surface nucleation theory
1.4.4 Screw dislocation theory
1.5 Crystal growth techniques
1.5.1 Growth form solids
1.5.2 Growth from vapour
1.5.3 Growth from melt
1.5.4 Growth from solution
References
2. GEL METHOD AND RARE EARTH OXALATE CRYSTALS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hydrosilica gel
2.3 Gelation mechanism and gel structure
2.4 Advantages of gel
2.5 Crystallization in gel
2.5.1 Chemical reaction method
2.5.2 Chemical reduction method
2.5.3 Solubility reduction method
2.5.4 Complex dilution method
2.6 Nucleation control in gel
2.7 Rare earth oxalate crystals
References
3. CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Optical microscopy
3.3 Etching studies
3.4 Microhardness studies
3.5 X-ray diffractometry
3.6 Infrared spectroscopy
3.7 UV-visible - NIR spectroscopy
3.8 Laser Raman spectroscopy
3.9 Thermal analysis
3.10 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
3.11 Energy dispersive analysis by X-rays (EDAX)
3.12 Fluorescence spectroscopy
References
4. GROWTH STUDIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemistry associated with growth
4.3 Hydrosilica gel as growth medium
4.4 Preparation of hydrosilica gel
4.5 Preparation of supernatant solution
4.6 Growth of lanthanum samarium oxalate crystals
4.7 Growth of lanthanum neodymium oxalate crystals
4.8 Growth kinetics
4.8.1 Effect of density of the gel
4.8.2 Effect of pH of the gel
4.8.3 Effect of ageing of the gel
4.8.4 Effect of concentration of the reactants
a. Effect of concentration of inner reactant
b. Effect of concentration of the feed solution
4.8.5 Effect of acidity of the feed solution
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. MICROTOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Morphology of the crystals
5.3 Microscopic studies
5.4 Etching studies
5.4.1 Kinetics of etching
5.4.2 Dissolution studies of LSO and LNO crystals
5.4.3 Selection of the etchant
5.4.4 Etching on (100) face
5.4.5 Etching on (110) face
5.4.6 Discussion on etching studies
5.5 Microhardness studies
5.5.1 Microhardness studies of LSO and LNO crystals
References
6. CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES
6.1 X-ray analysis
6.1.1 XRD studies on LSO
6.1.2 XRD studies on LNO V
6.2 IR absorption studies
6.2.1 IR spectrum of C-SO 6.
6.2.2 IR spectrum of LNO
6.3 UV - visible spectral studies
6.3.1 UV-visible spectrum of LSO
6.3.2 LTV-visible spectrum of LNO
6.4 Thermal analysis
6.4.1 TGA and DTA of LSO
6.4.2 TGA and DTA of LNO
6.5 XPS studies
6.5.1 XPS of LSO
6.5.2 XPS of LNO
6.6 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX)
6.6.1 EDAX of LSO
6.6.2 EDAX of LNO
6.7 Laser Raman spectral studies
6.7.1 Laser Raman spectrum of LSO
6.7.2 Laser Raman spectrum of LNO
6.8 Fluorescence studies
6.8.1 Fluorescence in LSO
6.8.2 Fluorescence in LNO
References
7. CONCLUSION
7.1 Introduction
7 2 Conclusions
7.3 Scope for further studies
References