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TITLE
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
PREPARATION OF PEELINGS FOR THE EPIDERMAL STUDIES
CLEARING TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF LEAF ARCHITECTURE AND PALISADE RATIO
HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF METABOLITES ON THE FOLIAR EPIDERMIS
MACERATION FOR VESSEL ELEMENT STUDIES
PREPARATION OF POLLEN FOR PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES
SEED MORPHOLOGY
DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHY
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
CALCULATIONS
CLUSTER ANALYSIS
TABLE 1 NAME OF THE TAXA INVESTIGATED AND PLACE OF COLLECTION
TABLE: 2 - STAINING METHODS EMPLOYED FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF DIFFERENT CELL METABOLITES
III. OBSERVATIONS
1. FOLIAR FEATURES
1.1 a MATURE STOMATA
Stomatal Abnormalities
Guard Cell Size
1.1b STOMATAL INDEX
1.1 c STOMATAL FREQUENCY
TABLE: 3. DATA ON STOMATAL INDEX. STOMATAL FREQUENCY AND GUARD CELL SIZE (WITH STANDARD DEVIATION)
Fig.1 EPIDERMAL PEELS OF LAMINA SHOWING STOMATAL DlVERSlTY
Fig. 2 EPIDERMAL PEELS OF LAMINA SHOWING STOMATAL DIVERSITY
PLATE - 1 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE ABNORMAL STOMATA - [A-l x 1000)
PLATE - 2 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE ABNORMAL STOMATA (A-1 x 1000; H x 1550)
1.2 LEAF ARCHITECTURE
Qualitative Features
Venation
Major Venation Pattern
Primary Veins
Secondary Veins
Tertiary Veins
Minor Venation Pattern
Marginal Ultimate Venation
lntramarginal Vein
Areolation
Veinlets
Tracheids
Isolated Tracheids
Extension CelIs
Bundle Sheath
Hydathodes
Table 4. Qualitative Features of Leaf
TABLE: 5. Quantitative Features of Leaf
Fig. 3 CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING VENATION PATTERN
Fig. 4 CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING VENATION PATTERN
Fig. 5 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - I x 20)
Fig. 6 CLEARED LEAF AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS [A - K x 20)
Fig. 7 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - H x 20)
Fig. 8 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - J x 20)
Fig. 9 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - K x 25)
Fig. 10 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - L x 25)
Fig. 11 CLEARED LEAF TIPS AND MARGINS SHOWING VENATION PATTERN AND HYDATHODE VEIN ENDINGS (A - M x 20)
PLATE - 3 DIRECT PHOTOGRAPHS OF CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING LEAF ARCHITECTURE
PLATE - 4 DIRECT PHOTOGRAPHS OF CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING LEAF ARCHITECTURE (A - D x 2)
PLATE - 5 DIRECT PHOTOGRAPHS OF CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING LEAF ARCHITECTURE (A - E x 2)
PLATE - 6 DIRECT PHOTOGRAPHS OF CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING LEAF ARCHITECTURE (A - D x 2)
PLATE - 7a MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF CLEARED LEAVES SHOWING VENATION PATTERN (A - F x 200)
PLATE - 7b
PLATE - 8 MICROPHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING AREOLATION (A - F x 300)
PLATE - 9 MICROPHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING TRACHEIDS (A - I x 1000)
1.3 PALISADE RATIO
TABLE 6: PALISADE RATIO OF DIFFERENT TAXA
1.4 HISTOCHEMISTRY OF FOLIAR EPIDERMIS
Table 7.Showing the distribution of different histochemical metabolites in the foliar epidermis
PLATE - 10 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF STOMATA SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF STARCH GRAINS (Iodine - Potassium iodide test: Fig. A - l x. 550)
PLATE - 11 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF CELLULOSE[Iodine - Potassium iodide - Sulphuric acid Test: A - F x 450)
PLATE - 12 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF INSOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES (PAS reaction: A - C x 800)
PLATE - 13 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF INSOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES (PAS reaction: A - C x 8001
PLATE - 14 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF POLYPHENOLS, SULPHATED AND CARBOXYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES (TBO Test: A - C x 800)
PLATE - 15 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF POLYPHENOLS, SULPHATED AND CARBOXYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES (TBO Test: A - C x 800)
PLATE - 16 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF PROTEINS[Mercuric Brornophenol Blue Test: A - D x 450)
PLATE - 17 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF PROTEINS (Mercuric Bromophenol Blue Test: A - D x 450)
PLATE - 18 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF LIPIDS (Sudan Black Method: A - C x 800)
2. NODAL, INTERNODAL AND ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS
Shape
Size
Perforation Plate
Pitting
Tail
TABLE 8: SHOWING THE LENGTH OF NODAL VESSELS ELEMENTS WITH STANDARD DEVIATION
TABLE: 9 SHOWING THE LENGTH OF INTER NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS WITH STANDARD DEVIATION
TABLE: 10 SHOWlNG THE LENGTH OF ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS WITH STANDARD DEVIATION
TABLE 11: CLASSIFICATION SHOWING THE BREADTH OF NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS WlTH STANDARD DEVIATIONS
TABLE 12: SHOWING THE BREADTH OF INTER NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS WITH.STANDARD DEVIATION
TABLE 13: SHOWING THE BREADTH OF ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS WITH STANDARD DEVIATION
TABLE 14: SHOWING THE TYPE AND NUMBER OF PERFORATON PLATES, NATURE OF INTER-VESSEL PITS, AND DISPOSITION OF PERFORATION PLATES OF NODA.L VESSEL ELEMENTS
TABLE 15: SHOWING THE TYPE AND NUMBER OF PERFORATION PLATES, TYPE OF INTER-VESSEL PITS, AND DISPOSITION OF PERFORATION PLATES OF INTER-NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS
TABLE 16: SHOWING THE TYPE AND NUMBER OF PERFORATION PLATES, NATURE OF INTER-VESSEL PITS, AND DlSPOSlTlON OF PERFORATION PLATES OF ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS
Fig. 12 NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 96 x 200)
Fig. 13 NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 75 x 200)
Fig. 14 NODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 74 x 200)
Fig. 15 INTERNODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 32 x 200)
Fig. 16 INTERNODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 35 x 200)
Fig. 17 INTERNODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 -31 x 200)
Fig. 18 INTERNODAL VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES[ I - 51 x 200)
Fig. 19 ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 47 x 200)
Fig. 20 ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES (1 - 53 x 200)
Fig. 21 ROOT VESSEL ELEMENTS SHOWING STRUCTURAL FEATURES11-49 x 200)
PLATE - 19 VESSEL ELEMENTS OF VARIOUS TAXA STUDIED
3. PALYNOLOGY
TABLE 17. QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF POLLEN GRAIN
TABLE: 18 QUANTITATIVE DATA OF POLLEN GRAINS OF DIFFERENT TAXA WITH STANDARD DEVIATION
Fig. 22 PALYNOGRAM (C - J x 3750; C1 - J1 x 12001
Fig. 23 PALYNOGRAM (A - J x 3750; Al - J, x 1200)
Fig. 24 PALYNOGRAM (A - J x 3750: Al - J1 x 1200)
Fig. 25 PALYNOCRAM (A - H x 3750; Al - H x 1200)
PLATE - 20 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A - P x 800)
PLATE - 21 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A - E x 5000; F x 5500)
PLATE - 22 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A x 6500; B - F x 50001
PLATE - 23 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
PLATE - 24 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A - F x 5000)
PLATE - 25 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
PLATE - 26 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A - D x 5000)
PLATE - 27 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS (A - C x 5000)
4. ACHENE MORPHOLOGY
TABLE 19: DATA ON ACHENE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE TAXA STUDIED
TABLE 20: DATA ON ACHENE MEASUREMENTS OF THE TAXA STUDIED
Fig. 26 DlAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ACHENES SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE ATTACHMENT POINT 11-sox101
PLATE - 28 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENE SURFACE (A - I x 5001
PLATE - 29 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 30 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 31 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 32 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 33 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 34 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 35 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
PLATE - 36 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF ACHENES
IV. DISCUSSIONS
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STOMATAL STUDIES
Stornatal index
Stomatal frequency
2. DIVERSITY IN LEAF ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Hydathodes
3. VARIATIONS IN PALISADE RATIO AND TAXONOMY
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY
5. STRUCTURAL VARIATION IN VESSEL ELEMENTS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Scanning electron micrograph of the pollen grain of Melampodiumpaludosum B.H.K. (X55.000)
6. PALYNOLOGY AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Scanning electron micrograph of the achene of Calinsoga parviflora Cav. (X1000)
7. DIVERSITY IN ACHENE MORPHOLOGY AND ITS TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE
V. TAXONOMIC HISTORY OF THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE
VI. PHYLOGENETIC AND SYSTEMATIC CONSIDERATION OF THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE - AN ANALYSIS
VII. CLASSIFICATION OF THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE - A NUMERICAL APPROACH
Cluster Analysis - Numerical technique used in the present study
1. Average Linkage Method
2. Complete Linkage (farthest neighbour) Method
3. Centroid Linkage Method
4.Median Method (Central or nodal clustering)
DISCUSSION
TABLE 21: SHOWING MATRIX OF CORRELATION
TABLE 22a: INPUT DATA FOR CLUSTER ANALYSIS
TABLE: 22b ASSIGNMENT OF CODES
Vlll. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
IX. REFERENCES
X. APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1. CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE TRIBE HELIANTHEAE
APPENDIX 2. TERMINOLOGIES USED
APPENDIX 3. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE THESIS