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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A. Definition of Stress and General Considerations
B. Stressors and Stress Impact
Light
Heat
Noise
Pressure
Chemical Stressors
Other Physico-chemical Stressors
Social Stressors
C. Stress: Biochemical and Haematological Aspects
Glycogen and Glucose
Total Lipids
Ascorbic acid
Alkaline Phophatase and Acid Phosphatase
Stress and Blood Cells
Stress and Respiratory Pigments (Haemoglobin and Myoglobin)
D. Stress Effect on Organs: Adrenal Glands, Spleen and Testis
E. Relevance of Chiropteran Study
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Glycogen
Total lipids
Ascorbic acid
Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase
Myoglobin
Haemoglobin
Blood Glucose
RBC and WBC counts
Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Mean Cell Eaemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Relative organ weights of Adrenal glands and Spleen
Cross Histology of Adrenal and Testis
RESULTS
Table 1. Glycogen levels (mg/100 mg wet tissue) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 2. Glycogen levels (mg/100 mg wet tissue) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light sbess
Fig. 1. Glycogen levels in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress
Fig. 2. Glycogen levels in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig. 3. Glycogen level in the liver of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 3. Total lipid (mg/100 mg wet tissue) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 4. Total lipid (mg/100 mg wet weight) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 4. Total lipid in the various tissues of Cynoptarus sphinz subjected to heat stress
Fig. 5. Total lipid in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig. 6. Total lipid levels in the liver of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 5. Blood glucose levels (mg/100ml) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 6. Blood glucose levels (mg/100ml) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 7. Blood glucose levels of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 7. Ascorbic acid levels (mg/100gm) in Liver and Kidney of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat Stress
Fig. 8. Ascorbic acid levels in the liver and kidney of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 8. Ascorbic acid levels (mg/100gm) in Liver and Kidney of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 9. Ascorbic acid levels in the liver and kidney of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig.10. Ascorbic acid levels in liver and kidney of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 9. Alkaline phosphatase activity (mg phenol 1hr/gm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 10. Alkaline phosphatase activity (mg phenol1hr/gm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 11. Alkaline Phosphatese activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress
Fig. 12. Alkaline Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cyopterus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig. 13. Alkaline Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 11. Acid phosphatase activity (mg phenol/1hr/gm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 12. Acid phosphatase activity (mg phenol/1hr/gm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 14. Acid Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress
Fig. 15. Acid Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig. 16. Acid Phosphatase acivity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynoptetus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 13. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (gm/100ml) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 14. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (gm/100ml) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 17. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 15. Myoglobin levels (mg/gm wet tissue) in the various muscles of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 16. Myoglobin levels (rng/grn wet tissue) in the various muscles of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 18. Myoglobin levels in the various muscles of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Fig. 19. Myoglobin levels in the various muscles of Cynoptarus sphinz subjected to light stress
Fig. 20. Myoglobin levels in the heart muscle (ventricular myocardium) of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 17. RBC Count (RBCx10 4/mm 3), WBC Count (VVBCxlO 4/mm 3) and PCV (%) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 18. RBC Count (RBCx10 4/mm 3) WBC Count (WBCx10 4/mm 3) and PCV (%) of Cynopierus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 21. RBC count of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress
Fig. 22. WBC count of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress
Fig. 23. PCV of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 19. Mean cell haemogolobin concentration (MCHC) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to stress
Fig. 24. Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stressand light stress
Table 20. WBC differential count of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 21. WBC differential count of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 25. Neutrophil, Lymphocyte and Eosinophil count of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 22. Relative adrenal and spleen weights (gm/100gm body weight) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress
Table 23. Relative adrenal and spleen weights (gm/100gm body weight) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress
Fig. 26. Relative adrenal and spleen weights of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress
Table 24. Correlation analysis between heat stress and light stress of different parameters
PLATE. I
PLATE. II
PLATE. Ill
DISCUSSION
Glycogen, Total Lipids and Glucose
Ascorbic acid
Alkaline Phosphatase and Acid Phosphatase
Respiratory Pigments:
Haemoglobin and MCHC
Myoglobin
Blood Cell Counts and PCV
Relative Adrenal and Spleen Weights
Histology of Adrenal Gland
Histology of Testis
General conclusion on the Stress Physiology of C. sphinx.
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY