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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
I. SYSTEMATICS
1.1. SYSTEMATICS
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
ENGRAULUIDIDAE
KEY TO GENERA
GENUS ENCRASICHOLINA FOWLER, 1938.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ENCRASlCHOLlNA
GENUS STOLEPHORUS LACEPEDE, 1803.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STOLEPHORUS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
STOLEPHORUS COMMERSON II LACEPEDE, 1803.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
STOLEPHORUS INDlCUS (VAN HASSELT, 1823)
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
STOLEPHORUS INSULARIS HARDENBERG, 1933.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI JORDAN AND SEALE, 1926.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.
Fig. 1.1.a. Ventral view of the head of Encrasicholina
Fig. 1.2.a. Ventral view of the head of Stolephorus
Plate 1.1.a. Encrasicholina devisi {Whitely, 1940)
Plate 1.1.b. Encrasicholina punctifer Fowler 1938.
Plate 1.2.a.Stolephorus commersonni Lacepede, 1803
Plate 1.2.b. Stolephorus Indicus (van Hasselt, 1823)
Plate 1.3.a. Stolephorus insularis, Hardenberg, 1933
Plate.1.3.b.Stolephorus Waitei, Jordan and Seale, 1926
II. BIOLOGY
2.1. FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THESTOMACH CONTENTS
CONDITION OF FEED
FEEDING INTENSITY IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT MONTHS
FEEDING INTENSITY IN RELATION TO SEXUAL CYCLE
FEEDING HABITS
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THESTOMACH CONTENTS
CONDITION OF FEED
FEEDING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT MONTHS
FEEDING INTENSITY IN RELATION TO SEXUAL CYCLE.
FEEDING HABITS
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THESTOMACH CONTENTS
CONDITION OF FEED
FEEDING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT MONTHS
FEEDING IN RELATION TO SEXUAL CYCLE
FEEDING HABITS
DISCUSSION
2.2.LENGTH - WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
DISCUSSION
2.2. RELATIVE CONDITION FACTOR
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
DISCUSSION
2.3 REPRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
CLASSIFICATION OF MATURITY STAGES
DISTRIBUTION OF OVA IN THE OVARY
DEVELOPMENT OF OVA TO MATURITY
FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING
SPAWNING SEASON
GONAD0 - SOMATIC INDEX
SIZE AT FIRST MATURITY
FECUNDITY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND LENGTH OF FISH:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT OF FISH:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT OF OVARY:
SEX RATIO
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
CLASSIFICATION OF MATURITY STAGE
DISTRIBUTION OF OVA IN THE OVARY
DEVELOPMENT OF OVA TO MATURITY
FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING
SPAWNING SEASON
GONAD0 - SOMATIC INDEX
SIZE AT FIRST MATURITY
FECUNDITY
RELATION BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND LENGTH OF FISH:
RELATION BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT OF FISH:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT OF OVARY:
SEX RATIO
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
CLASSIFICATION OF MATURITY STAGES
DISTRIBUTION OF OVA IN THE OVARY
DEVELOPMENT OF OVA TO MATURITY
FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING
SPAWNING SEASON
GONAD0 - SOMATIC INDEX
SIZE AT FIRST MATURITY
SEX RATIO
DISCUSSION
RECRUITMENT PATTERN
2.4. AGE AND GROWTH
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1) POWELL - WETHERALL METHOD
2) ELEFAN METHOD.
3) PHI PRIME INDEX
4) GULLAND AND HOLT METHOD
5) FORD - WALFORD PLOT
6. THE VON BERTALANFFY PLOT
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFE
DISCUSSION
2.5. RACIAL STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
STOLEPHORUS WAITEI
DISCUSSION
Ill. FISHERY
3. FISHERY
INTRODUCTION
DATA BASE
FISHING CRAFT AND GEAR
SHORE SEINES
BOAT SEINE
GILL NET
TRAWL NET
PURSE SEINE
RING SEINE
DISCO NET
TRENDS IN WHITEBAIT FISHERY AT COCHIN
A) COCHlN FISHERIES HARBOUR
(B) FORT COCHIN FISH LANDING CENTRE
PRODUCTION TRENDS ALONG KERALA COAST
ALL INDIA PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION TRENDS IN THE NEIGHBOURING STATES
DISCUSSION
UTlLlSATlON AND MARKETING OF THE CATCH:
Plate.3.1.a. A view of the Cochin Fisheries Harbour, one of the main fish landing centre for mechanised boats in kerala
Plate. 3.1 .b. Hectic trawl landing activities at Cochin Fisheries Harbour
Plate.3.2.a A ring seine unit approaching cochin Fisheries Harbour for landing whitebait catch
Plate.3.2.b. A ring seine unit at Corhin Fisheries Harbour with whitebait anchovy catch.
Plate.3.3.a.Heaps of whitebait anchovy catches landed at Cochin Fisheries Harbour by ring seines
Plate.3.3.b.Whitebait anchovies being packed in plastic trays with crushed ice being transported by trucks
Plate.3.4.a. A country craft (Chundan vallas) from which ring seing is operated approaching the Fort Cochin Fish Landing Centre.
Plate.3.4.b.Hectic fish landing operations at Fort Cochin Fish Landing Centre
Plate.3.5.a. Canoe full of whitebaits being landed at Fort Cochin Fish Landing Centre
Plate.3.5.b.Whitebait anchovies being packed in baskets prior to transportation.
WHITEBAIT ANCHOVY FISHERY IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
REMOTE SENSING AND FISHERIES.
IV. POPULATION DYNAMICS
4. POPULATION DYNAMICS
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL MORTALITY COEFFICIENT Z
1) LENGTH CONVERTED CATCH CURVE METHOD
2) CUMULATED CATCH CURVE METHOD
3) BEVERTON AND HOLT METHOD
4) AULT AND EHRHARDT METHOD
5) POWELL - WETHERALL METHOD
ESTIMATION OF NATURALMORTALITY COEFFICIENT M
1) RIKHTERAND EFANOVS FORMULA
2) PAULYS EMPIRICAL FORMULA
3) SRINATHS EMPIRICAL FORMULA
ESTIMATION OF FISHING MORTALITY COEFFICIENT F
STOCK ASSESSMENT
EXPLOITATION RATIO (U)
EXPLOITATION RATE (E)
YIELD
STANDING STOCK (YIF)
TOTAL STOCK OR ANNUAL STOCK OR BIOMASS (Y/U)
1) JONES LENGTH BASED COHORT ANALYSIS (JONES, 1974; JONES AND VAN ZALINGE, 7981)
2) LENGTH BASED THOMPSON AND BELL MODEL
BEVERTON AND HOLTS RELATIVE YIELDPER RECRUIT MODEL
MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
I) CORTENS FORMULA (1974)
2) GULLANDS FORMULA (1979)
RESULTS
ENCRASICHOLINA DEVISI
STOLEPHORUS WAlTEl
ENCRASICHOLINA PUNCTIFER
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
SYSTEMATICS
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP
RELATIVE CONDITION FACTOR
REPRODUCTION
AGE AND GROWTH
RACIAL STUDIES
FISHERY
POPULATION DYNAMICS
REFERENCES