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TITLE
SUPERVISORS CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Distribution
1.2 Classification
1.2.1 Trophic Classification
1.2.2 Ecological Classification
1.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Earthworms
1.3.1 Moisture
1.3.2 Temperature
1.3.3 pH
1.3.4 Organic Matter
1.3.5 Soil type
1.4 Drilosphere
1.5 Physical Effects of Earthworms on Soils
1.5.1 Porosity
1.5.2 Water infiltration
1.6 Chemical effects of earthworms in soils
1.6.1 Influence on Soil Nitrogen
1.7 Biological Effects of Earthworms
1.8 Composting
1.8.1 Microbiological Aspects
1.9. Factors Affecting Composting
1.9.1 CN and CP Ratios
1.9.2 Other nutrients
1.9.3 Moisture
1.9.4 Aeration
1.9.5 Temperature
1.9.6 pH
1.9.7 Particle Size
1.10 Composting Methods and different forms of compost
1.10.1 Indore Method
1.10.2 Bangalore Process
1.10.3 NADEP Compost
1.10.4 Synthetic Compost
1.10.5 Leaf Compost
1.10.6 Accelerated Compost
1.10.7 Animal Waste Compost
1.10.8 Vermicompost
1.11 Earthworms and their effect on plant growth
1.12 Quality of compost
1.13 Regular Input Material
1.14 Present Investigation
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Collection of Earthworms
2.2 Collection of Organic. inputs
2.3 Experimental set up
2.3.1 Design of vermitech unit
Plate 1
2.3.2 Preparation of vermibed
PLATE 2 a) Megascolex konkanensis b) Drawida Species
2.4 Biological Parameters
2.5 Chemical Parameters
2.6 Calorific Content
2.7 Analysis of drain water from the vermitech unit
2.8 Microorganisms in casts
2.9 Pot Experiments
2.9.1 Experimental setup
PLATE 3 Plants grown on composts from different inputs
2.9.2 Measurement of plant growth parameters
2.10 Statistical Methods of Analysis
2.11 Taxonomy
3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Vermitech experiments
3.2 Calorific content of inputs
3.3 Analysis of drained water from the vermitech unit
3.4 Microbial Succession
3.5 Pot experiments
3.5.1 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
3.5.2 Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
3.5.3 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
3.6 Taxonomy
ABBREVIATIONS - TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE 1 POPULATION DENSITY OF EARTHWORMS DURING THECOMPOSTING PROCESS (Nos. / 0.04 sq m)
TABLE 2 BIOMASS OF EARTHWORMS DURING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 3 MOISTURE (%) OF SOIL FROM VERMIBED DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 4 pH OF SOIL FROM VERMJBED DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 5 EC (mmhos) OF SOIL FROM VERMlBED DURING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 6 ORGANIC CARBON (%) OF SOIL FROM VERMlBED DURING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 7 TOTAL KJELDHAL NITROGEN (%) OF SOIL FROM VERMIBED DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 8 AVAILABLE PHOSPHATE (P205%) OF SOIL FROM VERMlBED DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 9 AVAILABLE POTASH (K20%) OF SOIL FROM VERMlBED DURING COMPOSTING PROCESS
TABLE 10 COMPARISON OF NPK VALUES BEWEN REPETITIONS
TABLE 11COMPARISON OF COMPOST WITH INITIAL SOIL (N, P, K VALUES)
TABLE 12 % DECREASE OF C: N RATIO OF DIFFERENT INPUTS ON COMPOSTING
TABLE 13 RANKING BASED ON % CHANGE IN NUTRIENTS ON BECOMING COMPOST
TABLE 14 RANKING BASED ON NUTRIENT CONTENT IN COMPOST, NPK
TABLE 15 COMPARISON OF NPK VALUES IN COMPOST HARVESTED FROM DIFFERENT INPUTS
TABLE 16 CALORIFIC VALUE OF INPUTS
TABLE 17 CORRELATION BETWEEN CALORIFIC VALUE OF INPUT WITH POPULATION DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF EARTHWORMS
TABLE 18 ANALYSIS OF DRAINED WATER FROM VERMITECH
TABLE 19 MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH FUNGUS X 103
TABLE 20 MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURlNG VERMITECHBACTERIA X 105
TABLE 21 MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECHACTINOMYCETES X 103
TABLE 22 MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMlTECHAZOTOBACTER X 102
TABLE 23 MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH PHOSPHOBACTERIA X 103
TABLE 24 COMPOSITE INDEX AND RANKING OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON ABUNDANCE IN COMPOSTING UNIT
TABLE 25 CORRELATION MATRIX OF MICROORGANISMS DURING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS WITH REFERENCE TO DIFFERENT INPUTS
TABLE 26 CORRELATION MATRIX- SIGNIFICANCE (Table 25 -continued)
TABLE 27 MULTIPLE CORRELATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROORGANISMS DURING THE COMPOSTINGPROCESS WITH REFERENCE TO DIFFERENT INPUTS
TABLE 28 GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PLANTS GROWN ON COMPOST FROM DIFFERENT INPUTS
TABLE 29 GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PLANTS GROWN ON COMPOST FROM DIITERENT INPUTS
TABLE 30GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PLANTS GROWN ON COMPOST FROM DIFFERENT INPUTS
TABLE 31 DAYS TAKEN FOR FRUITING AND YIELD (Mean Triplicates)
TABLE - 36 A COMPARISON OF ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF D.ghatensis, D.nepalensis & D. trauencorensis
Fig.1 Populaton density of earthworms
Fig.2 Live biomass of earthworms
Fig 3: MOISTURE IN VERMIRED
Fig.4: pH
Fig.5: EC
Fig.6: ORGANIC CARBON
Fig 7: TOTAL KJELDHAL NITROGEN
Fig.8: AVAILABLE PHOSPHATE
Fig.9: AVAILABLE POTASH
Fig 10: MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH FUNGI
Fig 11: MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH BACTERIA
Fig 12: MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH ACTINOMYCETES
Fig.13: MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH AZOTOBACTER
Fig 14: MICROBIAL SUCCESSION DURING VERMITECH PHOSPHOBACTERIA
Fig.15 A COMPARlSlON OF LEAF AREA. SHOOT LENSTHAND ROOT LENGTH IN THE GROWTH OF TOMATOGROWh ON COMPOST FROM DIFFERENT INPUTS
4.0 DISCUSSION
4.1 Vermitech experiments
4.2 Calorific value of feeds
4.3 Water drained out through vermibed
4.4 Microorganisms
4.5 Experiments on Plant Growth
4.6 Taxonomy
TABLE 32 Taxonomical study of Drawida ghatensis Michaelsen, l910
Drawida ghatensis
TABLE 33 Taxonomical study of Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907
Drawida nepalensis
TABLE 34 Taxonornical study of Drawida travencorensis Michaelsen, l910
Drawida travencorensis
TABLE 35 Taxonornical study of Megascolex konkanensis Fedarb, 1898
Megascolex konkanensis
5.0 CONCLUSION
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.0 SUMMARY
8.0 REFERENCES