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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ANNEXURE
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 Objectives of the Study
1.2.2 Review of Literature
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Soil sample
2.1.1 Soil PH determination
2.1.2. Estimation of Mycorrhizal colonization
2.2. Estimation of Growth rate
2.3 Estimation of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
2.3.1. Determination of Nitrogen (Microkjeldahl method) KarthikakuttyAmma (1989)
2.3.2 Estimation of Phosphorus and Potassium using Autoanalyser
2.4 Estimation of Biochemical constituents
2.4.1 Estimation of Proteins
2.4.2 Estimation of total Chlorophyll
2.4.3. Estimation of total Carbohydrates
2.4.4. Estimation of total Reducing Sugars
2.5. Estimation of Proline (Bates 1973)
2.6. Antioxidant Enzyme Systems
2.6.1. Estimation of Super oxide Dismutase
2. 6.2. Estimation of catalase
2.6.3. Estimation of Reduced glutathione (GSH)
2.6.4. Estimation of Glutathione S transferase (GST)
2.6.5. Estimation of Ascorbic acid
2.7. Estimation of Nitrogenase
2.8. Estimation of Phosphatase (Sadasivam and Manickam, 1996) Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
2.9 Statistical Analysis
3. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OFTHE TYPE OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATION
3.1 Introduction with review of literature
3.2 Material and Methods
Identification of the type of mycorrhizal association
Plate 1 Fruiting bodies of some Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Plate 2 Isolated spores of some Endomycorrhizal (VAM) fungi
3.3 Results
Table I: The type of mycorrhizal infection on some economically /medicinally important plants grown in their natural habitat inand around Kottayam, Kerala.
Fig.I: The Genus diversity of VAM fungal spores
3.4 Discussion
3.5. Why focus on VAM fungus
3.6. Culturing of isolated VAM spores
3.7. Funnel Technique for inoculum production (Menge & Timmer, 1982):
Plate 3: Funnel technique for the primary inoculum production ofVAM spores
3.8. Bulk production of VAM fungal inoculum – Open pot culture
Plate 4: Open pot culture for the bulk production of VAM spores
5. EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM AND PSB INMYCORRHIZAL LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
5.1 Introduction with review of literature
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Isolation and maintenance of Rhizobium
Plate 1 Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum Lcolony developed on YEMA medium.
Plate 2 Clearing zone of P solubilising bacteria, Bacillus sp onApatite Agar medium.
5.2.2 Isolation and maintenance of Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB)
5.2.2.1 Collection of samples
5.2.2.2 Enrichment culture technique
5.2.2.3 Phosphatase activity
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Growth rate and nutrient levels
Table LCIV: Growth rate of Vigna unguiculata inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus, after 30 days of growth
Table LCV: Growth rate of Vigna unguiculata inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus, after 60 days of growth
Table LCVI: Growth rate of Vigna unguiculata, inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus after 120 days of growth
Table LCVII: Nutrient uptake levels of Vigna unguiculata, inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus, after 30, 60 &120 Days of growth
Table LCVIII: Growth rate of Arachis hypogeae, inoculated withRhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus after 30 days of growth
Table LCIX: Growth rate of Arachis hypogeae, inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus after 60 days ofgrowth
Table C: Growth rate of Arachis hypogeae, inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungus after 120 days of growth
Table CI: Nutrient uptake levels of Arachis hypogeae, inoculated with Rhizobium, PSB and VAM fungi, after 30, 60 &120 Days of growth
5.3.2 Bio chemical constituents
Table CII: Total chlorophyll in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth
Table CIII: Total Chlorophyll in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizalArachis hypogeae inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CIV: Total Carbohydrates in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with PSB andRhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CV: Total Carbohydrates in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizalArachis hypogeae inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CVI: Total Reducing Sugars in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with PSB andRhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CVII: Total Reducing Sugars in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalArachis hypogeae inoculated with PSB andRhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CVIII: Total Proteins in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth.
Table CIX: Total Proteins in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Arachishypogeae inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, after 30, 60and 120 days of growth
5.3.3 Nitrogenase and phosphatases (ACP & ALP) activity
Table CX: Nitrogenase activity in Mycorrhizal and non-MycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with Rhizobium andPhosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after 30, 60, 120 daysof growth.
Table CXI: Nitrogenase activity in Mycorrhizal and non-MycorrhizalArachis hypogeae inoculated with Rhizobium andPhosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after 30, 60, 120 daysof growth.
Table CXII: Acid Phosphatase activity in Mycorrhizal and non-Mycorrhizal Vigna unguiculata inoculated with Rhizobiumand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after 30, 60, 120days of growth.
Table CXIII: Acid Phosphatase activity in Mycorrhizal and non-Mycorrhizal Arachis hypogeae inoculated with Rhizobiumand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after 30, 60, 120days of growth.
Table CXIV: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in Mycorrhizal andnon-Mycorrhizal Vigna unguiculata inoculated withRhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after30, 60, 120 days of growth.
Table CXV: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in Mycorrhizal andnon-Mycorrhizal Arachis hypogeae inoculated withRhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, after30, 60, 120 days of growth.
5.4 Discussion
Fig.XVIII: Percentage of VAM infection in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalVigna unguiculata inoculated with Rhizobiumand PSB, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth
Fig. XIX. Percentage of VAM infection in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalArachis hypogeae inoculated with Rhizobiumand PSB, after 30, 60 and 120 days of growth
6. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICES
1. Composition of Pikovaskaya’s Medium
2. Composition of Apatite Agar medium
3. Composition of Nutrient Broth & Nutrient Agar
4. Composition of YEMA medium
5. Composition of Nutrient Solution- Hogland’s
6. Composition of Modified Melin- Norkrans (MMN) medium