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  • Title
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • GLOSSARY OF TERMS
  • Preface
  • Dedicaion
  • CONTENTS
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Polymer blends
  • 1.2 Types of polymer blends
  • 1.2.1 Classification on the basis of miscibility
  • 1.2.2 Classification on the basis of constituents
  • 1.3 Blending techniques
  • 1.3.1 Mill mixing
  • 1.3.2 Chemical and mechanochemical blending
  • 1.3.3 Melt blending technique
  • 1.3.4 Solution blending
  • 1.3.5 Latex blending
  • 1.3.6 Freeze-drying
  • 1.3.7 Blending techniques- Merits and demerits
  • 1.4 Polymer compatibility and miscibility
  • 1.4.1 Compatibility
  • Fig.1.1. (a) Interface between immiscible polymers and (b) interfacial density profile between immiscible polymers. [J. Noolandi, Polym. Eng. Sci.24, 70 (1984) ]
  • 1.4.2 Miscibility
  • 1.4.3 Thermodynamics of polymer miscibility
  • Fig.1.2 Possible free energy of mixing diagrams for binary mixtures
  • 1.5 Properties of polymer blends
  • 1.6 Theoretical considerations of blend phase morphology and technologicalacceptability
  • 1.6.1 Polymer ratio
  • 1.6.2 Phase morphology
  • 1.6.2.1 Phase morphology development
  • 1.6.2.2 Dispersed morphology
  • 1.6.2.3 Co-continuous morphology
  • 1.6.2.4 Nanostructured polymer blends
  • Fig.1.4 Morphology of PP-g-TMI/eCL/NaCL/microactivator system.[Hu G.H., Cartier H., Plummer C., Macromolecules, 32, 4713, (1999) ]
  • 1.6.3 Interfacial adhesion/cross-linking
  • 1.6.4 Distribution of fillers
  • 1.6.5 Distribution of plasticizers between the elastomers
  • 1.6.6 Distribution of cross-links between the polymers
  • 1.7 Characterization of polymer blends
  • 1.7.1 Microscopy
  • 1.7.1.1. Optical microscopy
  • 1.7.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy
  • 1.7.1.3 Transmission electron microscopy
  • 1.7.1.4 Atomic force microscopy
  • 1.7.2 Thermo gravimetric analysis
  • Fig.1.5. Schematic TG and DTG curves of elastomer vulcanizates
  • 1.7.3 Differential scanning calorimetry
  • Fig.1.6. Typical DSC transition
  • 1.7.4 Dynamic mechanical analysis
  • Fig.1.7 Typical DMA demonstration curves
  • 1.7.5 Spectroscopic techniques
  • 1.7.5.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
  • 1.7.5.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
  • 1.8 Review of Literature
  • 1.9 Scope and Objectives
  • References
  • 2 Materials and Experimental Methods
  • ABSTRACT
  • 2.1 Materials
  • 2.1.1 Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)
  • Fig.1 Structure of EPDM rubber
  • Table 2.1 Physical properties of EPDM-502
  • 2.1.2 Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
  • Fig.2 Structure of SBR rubber
  • Table 2.2 Physical properties of SBR-1502
  • 2.1.3 Rubber chemicals and fillers
  • Table 2.3 Physical properties of black fillers
  • Table 2.4 Characteristics of clay
  • Table 2.5 Specifications of silica
  • 2.2 Blend preparation
  • Table 2.7 Compounding Recipe (in phra)
  • 2.3 Characterization of blends
  • 2.3.1 Mechanical properties
  • (a) Tensile strength, modulus and elongation at break
  • (b) Tear strength
  • (c) Abrasion resistance
  • (d) Hardness
  • 2.3.2 Morphology
  • 2.3.3 Thermal analysis
  • 2.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
  • 2.3.3.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
  • 2.3.4 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
  • 2.3.5 Ageing studies
  • References
  • 3 Mechanical Properties of EPDM/SBR Blends
  • ABSTRACT
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Results and Discussion
  • 3.2.1 Cure Characteristics
  • Table 3.1 Cure Characteristics of EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.1 Rheographs of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.2. Rheographs of E80 blend cured with different systems
  • 3.2.2 Mechanical properties
  • Fig.3.3. Effect of blend ratio on the stress-strain curves of sulphur curedEPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.4 Effect of blend ratio on tensile strength
  • Fig.3.5 Effect of different cross-linking systems on the tensile strength
  • Fig.3.6 Schematic representation of crosslinking of EPDM/SBR blends curedby S, P and M systems
  • Fig.3.7 Effect of blend ratio on elongation at break
  • Fig.3.8 Effect of different crosslinking systems on crosslink density
  • Table 3.2 Young’s Modulus and cross-link density of EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.9 Effect of blend ratio and crosslinking systems on tear strength
  • Fig.3.10 Effect of blend ratio on abrasion resistance
  • Fig.3.11 Effect of blend ratio on hardness
  • 3.3 Morphology
  • Fig.3.12 SEM photographs of cryogenically fractured specimens ofEPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.13 SEMs of tensile fractured specimens of EPDM/SBR blends: (a) E100S, (b) E80S (c) E60S (d) E40S (e) E20S & (f) E0S
  • 3.4 Model Fitting
  • Fig.3.14 Comparison of experimental values with various models on thetensile strength of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.3.15 Comparison of experimental values with various models on theYoung’s modulus of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • 3.5 Conclusion
  • References
  • 4 Mechanical Properties of Filled EPDM/SBR Blends
  • ABSTRACT
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Results and Discussion
  • 4.2.1 Cure characteristics
  • Table 4.1 Cure characteristics of filled EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.4.1 Rheographs of filled E80S blends
  • 4.2.2 Mechanical Properties
  • Fig.4.2 Effect of HAF loading on 300% modulus
  • Fig.4.3 Effect of higher HAF black loading on the tensile strength
  • Fig.4.4 Effect of HAF black loading on EB (%)
  • Fig 4.5 Effect of HAF black loading on hardness
  • Fig.4.6 Effect of different fillers - 300 % modulus
  • Fig.4.7 Effect of different fillers on the tensile strength
  • Fig. 4.8 Effect of different fillers on hardness
  • Fig.4.9 Effect of different fillers on crosslink density
  • 4.2.3 Conclusion
  • References
  • 5 Thermal Analysis of EPDM/SBR Blends
  • ABSTRACT
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2. Results and Discussion
  • 5.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
  • 5.2.1.1 Effect of blend composition
  • Fig.5.1 TG and DTG plot of sulphur cured SBR, E0S
  • Fig. 5.2. TGA plot of sulphur cured EPDM, E100S
  • Fig.5.3 TG and DTG plot of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blend, E40S
  • Fig.5.4 TG and DTG plot of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blend, E80S
  • Table 5.1 Decomposition temperatures of different EPDM/SBR blends (unfilledand filled)
  • Table 5.2 Weight losses of EPDM/SBR blends (unfilled and filled) at differenttemperatures
  • 5.2.1.2 Effect of cross-linking systems
  • Table 5.3 Bond length and bond energies of different types of chemical linkages
  • Fig.5.5 Influence of cross-linking systems on the thermal degradationproperties of EPDM/SBR blends- Comparison of TGA plots
  • Fig.5.6 Influence of cross-linking systems in the DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blends
  • 5.2.1.3 Effect of fillers
  • Fig.5.7 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S10HB
  • Table 5.1 Decomposition temperatures of different EPDM/SBR blends (unfilledand filled)
  • Fig.5.8 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S20HB
  • Fig.5.9 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S30HB
  • Fig.5.10 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S10GB
  • Fig.5.11 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S10SI
  • Fig.5.12 TG and DTG plots of EPDM/SBR blend, E80S10CL
  • 5.3 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
  • Fig. 5.13 DSC plots of Eo, E100 and E80
  • Fig.5.14 DSC plots of E80S, E80P, E80M and E80.
  • 5.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of EPDM/SBR Blends
  • ABSTRACT
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Results and Discussion
  • 6.2.1 Storage modulus
  • 6.2.1.1 Effect of blend ratio
  • Fig.6.1 Effect of temperature (-67 to 30oC) on the storage modulus of sulphurcured EPDM, SBR and EPDM/SBR blend as a function of blend ratioat a frequency of 10 Hz
  • 6.2.1.2 Effect of curing agents
  • Fig.6.2 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30oC) on storage modulus of E80S, E80Mand E80P at a frequency of 10Hz
  • Fig. 6.3 Effect of temperature (30-120oC) on the storage modulus of E80 curedby sulphur, DCP and mixed systems at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • 6.2.1.3 Effect of fillers
  • Fig.6.4 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30oC) on the storage modulus of E80S10HB and E80S 10GB at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Fig.6.5 Effect of temperature (30-120 oC) on the storage modulus of clay andsilica filled EPDM/SBR blend, E80S at a frequency of 10Hz
  • 6.2.2 Loss Modulus
  • 6.2.2.1. Effect of blend ratio
  • Fig. 6.6 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30oC) on the loss modulus of sulphurcured EPDM, SBR and EPDM/SBR blends at a frequency of 10Hz
  • Fig.6.7 Effect of temperature (30-120oC) on the loss modulus of unvulcanized blend, E80, EPDM and SBR at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • 6.2.2.2 Effect of curing agents
  • Fig. 6.8 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30 oC) on the loss modulus of sulphur, DCP and M systems at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • 6.2.2.3 Effect of fillers
  • Fig.6.9 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30oC) on the loss modulus of carbon black filled E80S10HB and E80S10GB at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Fig.6.10 Effect of temperature (30 to 120oC) on the loss modulus of E80S10HBand E80S10GB at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Table 6.1 Values of loss modulus and Tg of filled and unfilled E80 blend cured with sulphur, DCP and mixed systems at 10 Hz
  • 6.2.3 Loss tangent
  • 6.2.3.1 Effect of blend ratio
  • Fig.6.11 Effect of temperature on the tan / values of EPDM/SBR blends as a function of blend ratio at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Table 6.2 Comparison of Tg of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends based on peak values of tan d and loss modulus (E) at 10Hz
  • Fig.6.12 Effect of temperature (30-120oC) on the tan d values of unvulcanized blend components EPDM, SBR and the blend E80 at frequency of 10 Hz
  • 6.2.3.2 Effect of curing agents
  • Fig.6.13 Effect of temperature on the tan/ values of E80S, E80P and E80M
  • 6.2.3.3 Effect of fillers
  • Fig.6.14 Effect of temperature (-70 to 30oC) on the tan/ values of theE80S10HB and E80S10GB at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Fig. 6.15 Effect of temperature (30 to 120 oC) on the tan / values ofE80S10Cland E80S10SI at a frequency of 10 Hz
  • Table 6.3 Values of tan δ and v for the EPDM/SBR blends and its components at 10 Hz
  • Table 6.4 Values of tan δ and Tg of filled and unfilled E80 blend cured with sulphur and mixed systems at 10 Hz
  • 6.2.4 Effect of frequency
  • Fig.6.16 Effect of various frequencies on the loss modulus of E80S above ambient temperature (30-120oC)
  • 6.2.5 Theoretical modelling
  • Fig.6.17 Experimental and theoretical curves of tan d peak of sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • 6.3 Conclusion
  • References
  • 7 Ageing Studies on EPDM/SBR Blends
  • ABSTRACT
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Results and Discussion
  • 7.2.1 Thermal ageing
  • Fig. 7.1 Thermal ageing at 100°C: % Increase in tensile strength
  • Fig. 7.2 Thermal ageing at 100°C - Comparison of tensile strength before and after ageing
  • Table 7.1 Crosslink density of unaged and aged EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig. 7.3 Comparison Modulus at 100% - Before and after thermal ageing of EPDM/SBR blends at 100°C
  • Fig.7.4 Comparison of EB (%) – Before and after thermal ageing at 100°C
  • Table 7.2 Percentage retention of elongation at break – Effect of thermal ageing on EPDMSBR blends at 100°C
  • Fig.7. 5 Comparison of hardness (shore A) – Before and after thermal ageing at 100°C
  • 7.2.2 Ozone ageing
  • Fig. 7.6 (a) to (f) Optical photomicrographs of ozone exposed (120 h) Sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.7.6 (g) to (k) Optical photomicrographs of ozone exposed (120 h) Sulphur cured EPDM/SBR blends
  • Fig.7.7 Ozone ageing resistivity of EPDM/SBR blends
  • 7.2.3 Gamma [g] irradiation
  • Fig.7.8 Effect of gamma irradiation on the tensile strength of EPDM/SBRblends at15-kGy irradiation dose
  • Fig.7.9 Effect of gamma irradiation on the EB (%) of EPDM/SBR blends at15-kGy irradiation dose
  • Fig.7.10 Effect of g-irradiation dose on the TS of the effective blend E80S -Comparison with control sample
  • Fig.7.11 Effect of g-irradiation dose on the EB of the effective blend E80S -Comparison with control sample
  • 7.2.4 Water ageing
  • Table 7.3 Distilled water uptake by EPDM/SBR blend vulcanizates
  • 7.3 Conclusion
  • References
  • 8 Conclusion and Future Outlook
  • ABSTRACT
  • 8.1 Conclusion
  • 8.2 Future Outlook
  • 8.2.1 Use of compatibilisers
  • 8.2.2 Examination of electrical properties
  • 8.2.3 Effects of other types of fillers
  • 8.2.4 Oil resistant and heat resistant polymers
  • 8.2.5 Fabrication of useful products
  • List of publications in international journals
  • Curriculam Vitae