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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • CONTENTS
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • Preface
  • List of Tables
  • List of Figures
  • List of Abbreviations
  • I. Introduction
  • An Overview of the Chapters
  • Objectives of the study
  • Hypotheses
  • The Universe of the Study
  • Methodology
  • Limitations and future prospectus of the study
  • II. Genesis and Development of Rural Democratic Institutions in India
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Importance of Rural Democratic Institutions in India
  • 2.3 Genesis and Development
  • 2.3.1 The Early Period
  • 2.3.2 The Period of British Rule
  • 2.3.3 The Post-independence Period
  • 2.3.3.1 Community Development Programme
  • 2.3.3.2 The Balwantrai Metha Committee
  • Panchayati Raj System
  • The Structure of Panchayati Raj
  • Village Panchayat
  • Panchayat Samiti
  • Zilla Parishad
  • 3.3.3.3 Ashok Mehta Committee
  • 3.3.3.4 The Phase of Renovation and Revival Since 1985
  • 2.3.4 The Present Stage
  • 2.3.4.1 Major Features of the Constitution (Seventy Third Amendment) Act
  • 2.4 The Kerala Experience
  • 2.4.1 The Panchayati Raj Act, 1994
  • 2.5 Conclusion
  • References
  • III. Political Participation and women in India
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 What is Political Participation?
  • 3.3 Modes of Political Participation
  • 3.3.1 Variables of Political Participation
  • 3.4 The Non-participants
  • 3.5 Women and Political Participation
  • 3.6 Women and Politics in India
  • 3.6.1 Ancient India
  • 3.6.2 The Reform Movements
  • 3.6.3 Women in National Movement
  • 3.6.4 Women in Politics in Post-independent India
  • Table 3.1Percentage of Women Voting Participation in LokSabha Elections (1952-1999)
  • Table 3.2Representation of Women in Lok Sabha
  • Table 3.3Representation of Women Members in RajyaSabha (1952-1 999)
  • Table 3.4Women Membership in the Union Cabinet (1 952-1999)
  • 3.7 Kerala Women and Political Participation
  • 3.7.1 Women and Educatiori
  • Table 3.5Proportion of Literate Persons in the Population, Kerala and India: 1961 - 91
  • Table 3.6Male and Female Work Participation -. Kerala and India
  • Fig. 3.1Kerala Womens Educational Status and Work participation
  • Table 3.7The Population of Kerala in 1991 and the Numberof Workers
  • 3.7.2 Women and Health Care
  • Table 3.8 Expectation of Life at Birth in Kerala and India
  • Table 3.9 Birth Rates, Kerala and lndia
  • Table 3.10 Death Rates, Kerala and India
  • Table 3.11 Infant Mortality Rates, Kerala and India
  • 3.7.3 Kerala Women and Political Participation
  • Table 3.12 Women Participation in Assembly Elections in Kerala
  • 3.7.4 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and Women
  • 3.8 Conclusion
  • References
  • IV. Political Process and Women Empowerment
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Women and Voting Behaviour
  • Fig.4.1Women and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.1 Age and Voting behaviour
  • Table 4.1Age and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.2 Womens Voting Behaviour in Panchayat, Assembly andParliament Elections
  • 4.2.3 Male Influence on Female Voting
  • Table 4.3Male Influence on Female Voting
  • 4.2.4 Factors Influencing Womens Voting Choice in DifferentElections
  • Table 4.4 Factors Influencing The Voting Choice of Women in Panchayat, Assembly and Parliament Elections
  • 4.2.5 Womens Attitude to Voting
  • Table 4.5 Do You Consider Voting as a Duty?
  • 4.2.6 Reasons for Womens Non-participation in Voting
  • 4.2.7 Religion and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.8 Caste and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.9 Education and Voting Behaviour
  • Table 4.9 Education and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.10 Marital Status and Voting Behaviour
  • Table 4.10 Marital Status and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.2.11 Occupation and Voting Behaviour
  • 4.3 Womens Involvement in Election Campaign
  • Fig. 4.2 Womens Attitude to Campaigning
  • 4.3.1 Age and Campaign Activities
  • 4.3.2 Religion and Campaign Activities
  • Table 4.13 Religion arid Campaign Activities
  • 4.3.3 Caste and Campaign Activities
  • Table 4.14 Caste and Campaign Activities
  • 4.3.4 Education and Campaign Activities
  • Table 4.15 Education and Campaign Activities
  • 4.3.5 Marital Status and Campaign Activities
  • 4.3.6 Occupation and Campaign Activities
  • 4.4 Women and Organisational Participation
  • Fig.4.3 Women and Organisational Participation
  • 4.4.1 Age and Organisational Participation
  • 4.4.2 Religion and Organisational Participation
  • 4.4.3 Caste and Organisational Participation
  • 4.4.4 Education and Organisational Participation
  • 4.4.5 Marital Status and Organisational Participation
  • Table 4.22 Marital Status and Organisational Participation
  • 4.5 General Political Awareness
  • 4.5.1 Reading Habits and General Awareness
  • Fig.4.4 Reading Habits of the Respondents
  • Table 4.23 Education and Reading Habits
  • Table 4. 24 Marital Status and Reading Habits
  • Table 4.25 Occupation and Reading Habits
  • 4.5.2 Audiovisual Media and Political Awareness
  • Fig. 4.5 Exposure to Audiovisual Media
  • 4.5.3 Interpersonal Relations and General Political Awareness
  • Fig. 4.6 Interpersonal Relations
  • Table 4.29 Education and Interpersonal Relations
  • Table 4.30 Marital Status and Interpersonal Relations
  • Table 4.31 Occupation atid lnterpersonal Relations
  • 4.6 Agitational Participation
  • Fig.4.7 Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.1 Age and Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.2 Religion and Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.3 Caste and Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.4 Education and Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.5 Marital Status and Agitational Participation
  • 4.6.6 Occupation and Agitational Participation
  • 4.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • V. Gramasabha: Towards Participatory Democracy
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Kerala Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 and Gramasabha
  • 5.2.1 Salient Features of Gramasabha
  • 5.2.2 Powers and Functions of Gramasabha
  • Table 5.1 Powers and Functions of Gramasabha in Different States
  • 5.3 Gramasabha Participation and Women Empowerment
  • 5.3.1 Womens Attitude to Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.2 Age and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.3 Religion and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.4 Caste and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.5 Education and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.6 Marital Status and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.3.7 Occupational Status and Gramasabha Participation
  • 5.4 General Awareness of Women on Democratic Decentralisationin India
  • 5.4.1 Knowledge of the System of Panchayati Raj in India
  • 5.4.2 Knowledge of Womens Reservation
  • 5.4.3 Knowledge of the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act, 1994
  • 5.5 Womens Knowledge About their own Gramasabha
  • 5.5.1 Basic Knowledge about Gramasabha
  • 5.5.2 Structural Knowledge about Gramasabha
  • 5.5.3 Functional Knowledge about Gramasabha
  • 5.6 Factors that Inspire Women to Participate in Gramasabha Meetings
  • 5.6.1 Participation by Self-decision
  • 5.6.2 Participation by External Influence
  • 5.6.3 Participation for Material Benefits
  • 5.7 Womens Level of Participation in Gramasabha Meetings
  • 5.7.1 Participation in General Matters
  • 5.7.2 Participation in Financial Matters
  • 5.7.3 Participation in Developmental Matters
  • 5.8 Empowerment through Gramasabha
  • 5.8.1 Self-confidence through Gramasabha
  • 5.8.2 General Awareness through Gramasabha
  • 5.8.3 Initiative power through Gramasabha
  • 5.8.4 Leadership Quality tl~roughG ramasabha
  • 5.9 Reasons for Non-participation in Gramasabha Meetings
  • 5.10 Conclusion
  • References
  • VI. Reservational Empowerment-An Empirical Study of Women Panchayat Members
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 General Profile
  • 6.2.1 Age-wise Classification
  • 6.2.2 Religion-wise Classification
  • 6.2.3 Caste-wise Classification
  • 6.2.4. Marital Status
  • 6.2.5 Educational Qualification
  • 6.2.6 Occupational Status
  • 6.2.7 Party Affiliation
  • 6.2.8. Attitude to Candidacy
  • 6.3 Internal Awakening of Women Panchayat Members
  • 6.3.1 Personality Development
  • 6.3.2 Leadership Quality
  • 6.3.3 Administrative Skills
  • 6.3.4 Quality of Sociability
  • 6.4 External Effectiveness of Women Panchayat Members
  • 6.4.1 Role in Social Awakening
  • 6.4.2 Role in Political Awakening
  • 6.5 Conclusion
  • References
  • VII. Conclusion
  • 1. Reservational Empowerment
  • 2. Participatory Empowerment
  • 3. Gramasabha Empowerment
  • Recommendations and Suggestions
  • BIBILIOGRAPHY
  • APPENDIX I Questionnaire
  • APPENDIX II KOTTAYAM DISTRICT