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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • List of Tables
  • List of Figures
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Objectives and Directions of the Study
  • 1.3 Terms and Concepts Employed in the Study
  • 1.4 Aspects of Hypothesis Used in the Study
  • 1.5 Limitations of the Study
  • 1.6 Conclusion
  • II. THE NATURE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 The Concept of Non-Formal Education
  • 2.3 Non-Formal Education in India and Other Countries
  • 2.4 Rural Development and Non-Formal Education
  • 2.5 Role of State and Voluntary Agencies
  • 2.6 Recommendation for NFE in various Education Commissions and National Policies
  • (a) Kothari Commission (1964-66)
  • (b) National Policy on Education (1968)
  • (c) National Policy on Education (1979)
  • (d) New National Policy on Education (1986)
  • 2.7 Literacy Programme and Adult Education
  • 2.8 Socio-economic and Political Perspectives of NFE
  • 2.9 Teaching Methods and Learning Material for NFE
  • 2.10 Evaluation Scheme of NFE
  • 2.11 Educational Media for NFE
  • 2.12 Open Universities and Distance Education - A New Approach of NFE
  • 2.13 Overlap between Formal, Informal and Non-Formal Education
  • 2.14 Need for Non-Formal Education
  • 2.15 Conclusion
  • III. PROBLEMS OF THE MASSES IN KERALA WITH REFERENCE TO NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Historical Background of Education
  • 3.3 Total Literacy Programmes
  • 3.1 Trend in Literacy -- Kerala 1901-1 991
  • 3.4 Universities in NFE
  • 3.5 Voluntary Organizations in NFE
  • Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishat (KSSP)
  • Contribution of KANFED
  • 3.6 Socio-economic Problems - Unemployment
  • 3.7 The Impact of NFE in the Problems of the Masses
  • 3.8 Conclusion
  • IV. GANDHI ON EDUCATION AND THE MASSES
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Basic Educational Concepts of Mahatma Gandhi
  • (a) Concept of Basic Education
  • (b) Current relevance of Basic Education
  • 4.3 Gandhi an Orientation for Mass Development
  • 4.4 The Role of Literacy in Mass Education
  • 4.5 Rural Education Based on the Craft
  • 4.6 Education for Health and Hygiene
  • 4.7 Rural Development Based on Vocationalisation
  • 4.10 Gandhis Experiments in Education
  • 4.8 The Notion of Personal Swaraj in Education
  • 4.9 Spiritual and Moral Aspect in Gandhian Education
  • 4.11 Conclusion
  • V. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 The Universe and the Selection of the Sample
  • 5.3 Need and Importance of Tools
  • 5.1 Sample Selected for the Study
  • 5.4 Statistical Analysis of Data
  • VI. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMIC UPLIFT OF THE RURAL MASSES
  • (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COASTAL AREA OF ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT)
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Alappuzha District -- A Profile
  • 6.2.1 Population
  • 6.2.2 Socio-economic condition
  • 6.3 Research Problem
  • 6.4 Non-Formal Educational Programmes
  • 6.5 Analysis of Field Information (Data)
  • (a) Geographical area of the study
  • 6.1 Field Information
  • 6.5.1 Educational qualification of respondents according to sex (Formal and Non Formal)
  • 6.5.2 Job placement of respondents according to sex and education
  • 6.2 Educational Qualification of Respondents According to Sex
  • 6.5.3 Income of the respondents family
  • 6.3 Job Placement of Respondents According to Sex
  • 6.5.4 (a) General employment status of respondents
  • 6.4 Income of Respondents Family
  • 6.5.4 (b) Gender-wise employment status of respondents
  • 6.1 Employment Status of Respondents
  • 6.2 Gender-wise Employment Status
  • 6.5.5 (a) Education and employment relation of respondents
  • 6.5.5 (b) Self employment possibilities below S.S.L.C.
  • 6.5 Education and Employment Relation of Respondents
  • 6.5.5 (c) Employment possibilities after S.S.L.C.
  • 6.6 Self-employment Possibilities Below SSLC
  • 6.7 Employment Possibilities After SSLC
  • 6.5.6 Employment chances according to geographical set-up
  • 6.5.7 Stipend training and non-stipend training relationship
  • 6.3 Stipend and non-stipend training with employment relation
  • 6.5.8 Religion of respondents according to sex
  • 6.5.9 Family income of the respondents
  • 6.8 Religion of Respondents According to Sex
  • 6.6 Non-Formal Education - By Government
  • 6.6.1 Literacy and continuing education programmes
  • (a) Literacy beneficiaries and literary workers
  • (b) Employment status of literary trainers
  • 6.10 Literacy Beneficiaries and Literacy Workers
  • 6.4 Employment status of neo-literates
  • (c) Principal jobs of neo-literates according to sex
  • (d) From literacy to development
  • 6.11 Category-wise Employment Distribution
  • 6.6.2 Job-oriented training - TRYSEM
  • 6.12 Trends in Literacy-Kerala and Alappuzha District (1961-1991)
  • (a) Sex-wise distribution of respondents
  • 6.13 Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Pattanakad Block
  • 6.14 Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Kanjikuzhy Block
  • 6.15 Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Aryad Block
  • 6.16 Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Ambalappuzha Block
  • (b) Sex and age-wise distribution of respondents
  • 6.17 Age and Sex-wise Distribution of Respondents
  • (c) Age and employment relation
  • 6.18 Age and Employment-wise Distribution of Respondents
  • (d) Educational background of the trainees
  • (e) Selection of beneficiaries to various trade
  • 6.19 Respondents Educational Background
  • (f) Training institutions
  • 6.20 Selection of Beneficiaries to Various Trade
  • 6.21 Attitude towards Training Institutions
  • (g) Training and employment relation
  • 6.22 Training and Employment Relation
  • (h) Block-wise employment status
  • 6.6.3 Development of women and children in rural areas (DWCRA)
  • (a) DWCRA in coastal blocks of Alappuzha district
  • 6.5 Area-wise employment status of TRYSEM
  • 6.23 DWCRA Units in Kerala
  • 6.24 Ambalappuzha Block
  • 6.25 Aryad Block
  • 6.26 Kanjikuzhy Block
  • (b) Employment possibilities through DWCRA
  • 6.27 Pattanakkad Block
  • (c) Age and employment relation
  • 6.28 Employment Possibilities through DWCRA
  • 6.6.4 Self employment possibilities after IRDP infrastructure training
  • 6.29 Age and Employment Relation
  • 6.30 Self-employment Possibilities after IRDP infra training
  • (a) Age and employment status of IRDP infrastructure training
  • 6.7 Employment Possibilities Through Correspondence Courses
  • 6.31 Age and Employment Status - IRDP Infrastructure
  • 6.8 Transformation of IRD to SGSY
  • 6.8.1 Swarnajayanthi Gramswarozgar Yojana
  • 6.32 Employment Possibilities through Distance Education
  • 6.9 NFE - By Non-Governmental Institutions
  • 6.9.1 NFE by Matsyafed
  • 6.33 District-wise Scheme for Ornamental Fish Farming
  • (a) Age and education relation of respondents
  • 6.34 Age and Education Relation
  • (b) Age and employment relation
  • 6.35 Age and Employment Relation
  • 6.9.2 NFE by KERDA (Kerala Rural Development Association)
  • (a) Sex and employment relation
  • 6.36 Sex and Employment Relation of KERDA Trainees
  • (b) Age and employment relation
  • 6.37 Age and Employment Relation of KERDA trainees Table
  • 6.10 Functions of Libraries
  • 6.11 Conclusion
  • VII. SOCIO-CULTURAL UPLIFT OF THE RURAL MASSES
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Social Aspect of Non-Formal Education
  • 7.3 Social and Cultural Problems of Coastal Area
  • 7.4 Social Significance of Non-Formal Education
  • 7.4.1 Socio-cultural aspect of literacy programme
  • 7.4.2 Socio-cultural aspect of DWCRA training
  • 7.4.3 Socio-cultural aspect of Mothers training through ICDS
  • 7.4.4 Socio-cultural aspect of NGOs training (Matsyafed and KERDA)
  • 7.4.5 Socio-cultural aspect of distance education and correspondence courses
  • 7.5 Analysis of Socio-Cultural and Political Benefit
  • 7.5.1 Social awareness of neo-literates
  • 7.1 Social Awareness of Literacy Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.1a Age and sex relation of neo-literates
  • 7.1 Age and sex relation of literacy beneficiaries
  • 7.5.2 Social awareness of TRYSEM beneficiaries
  • 7.5.3 Social awareness of DWCRA beneficiaries
  • 7.2 Social Awareness of TRYSEM Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.4 Social awareness of IRDP infrastructure beneficiaries
  • 7.3 Social Awareness of DWCRA Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.5 Social awareness of Matsyafed beneficiaries
  • 7.4 Social Awareness of IRDP infrastructure Beneficiaries
  • 7.5 Social Awareness of Matsyafed Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.6 Social awareness of KEDRA beneficiaries
  • 7.5.7 Social awareness through Distance Education
  • 7.6 Social Awareness of KERDA Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.8 Relation between age and sex of neo-literates
  • 7.7 Social Awareness through Distance Education
  • 7.5.9 Age- and sex-wise selection of audio-visuals
  • 7.8 Relation Between Age and Sex of Neo-literates
  • 7.2 Age- and Sex-wise Selection of Audio-visual Programmes
  • 7.3 Age- and Sex-wise Selection (not T. V. or radio)
  • 7.4 Age- and Sex-wise Selection (radio programmes)
  • 7.5 Age- and Sex-wise Selection (T. V. programmes)
  • 7.5.10 Selection of audio-visual programmes of neo-literates and respondents in general
  • 7.5.11 Selection of audio-visual programmes of TRYSEM beneficiaries
  • 7.9 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes of Neo-literates Respondents in General
  • 7.10 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes of TRYSEM Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.12 Selection of audio-visual programmes of DWCRA and IRDP infrastructure beneficiaries
  • 7.5.13 Selection of audio-visual programmes of beneficiaries of KERDA and Matsyafed
  • 7.11 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes of DWCRA and IRDP Infrastructure Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.14 Selection of audio-visual programmes of ICDS mothers
  • 7.12 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes of Matsyafed and KERDA Beneficiaries 1
  • 7.5.15 Selection of audio-visual programmes of correspondence course beneficiaries
  • 7.13 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes of ICDS Mothers
  • 7.5.16 Reading habit of respondents according to sex
  • 7.14 Selection of Audio-visual Programmes and Correspondence Course Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.17 Reading habit of neo-literates according to sex
  • 7.15 Reading Habit of Respondents According to Sex
  • 7.5.18 Reading habit of TRYSEM beneficiaries
  • 7.16 Reading Habit of Neo-literates According to Sex
  • 7.5.19 Reading habit of DWCRA and IRDP infrastructure trainees
  • 7.17 Reading Habit of TRYSEM Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.20 Reading habit of Matsyafed beneficiaries
  • 7.18 Reading Habit of DWCRA and IRDP Infrastructure Trainees
  • 7.5.21 Reading habit of KERDA beneficiaries
  • 7.19 Reading Habit of Matsyafed Beneficiaries
  • 7.20 Reading Habit of TRYSEM Beneficiaries
  • 7.5.22 Reading habit of ICDS mothers
  • 7.5.23 Reading habit of correspondence course beneficiaries
  • 7.21 Reading Habit of ICDS Mothers
  • 7.5.24 Newspaper reading of respondents according to sex
  • 7.22 Reading Habit of the Beneficiaries of Correspondence Courses
  • 7.5.24a Age- and sex-wise newspaper and magazine reading
  • 7.6 Newspaper Reading of Respondents According to Sex
  • 7.7 Magazine Reading Interest of Respondents
  • 7.8 Newspaper Reading Interest of Respondents
  • 7.5.25 Relationship between reading needs and age of respondents
  • 7.23 Relation Between Reading Needs and Age of Respondents
  • 7.5.26 Political awareness of citizens according to sex
  • 7.5.27 Political party membership according to sex
  • 7.24 Voting Habit of Respondents
  • 7.5.28 Responses on legal awareness
  • 7.5.29 Socio-cultural uplift through womens awareness
  • 7.25 Political Party Membership of Respondents
  • 7.5.30 Organisational capacity of respondents in general
  • 7.5.31 Organisational and leadership status of women respondents
  • 7.26 Organisational Capacity of Respondents in General
  • 7.27 Leadership Status of Women
  • 7.5.32 Reading needs of TRYSEM beneficiaries according to sex
  • 7.5.33 Attitude towards NFE training
  • 7.28 Reading Habit of TRYSEM Beneficiaries According to Sex
  • 7.5.34 Role of NFE in strengthening participatory democracy
  • 7.29 Attitude Towards NFE Training
  • 7.5.35 Attitude towards Gandhian values
  • 7.30 Attitude Towards Strengthening Democracy
  • 7.31 Attitude Towards Gandhian Values
  • 7.5.36 NFE on character formation
  • 7.5.37 NFE in the eradication of social evils
  • 7.32 Attitude Towards Character Formation
  • 7.5.38 NFE on national reconstruction and development
  • 7.33 Attitude Towards Eradication of Social Evils
  • 7.34 Attitude Towards National Development
  • 7.5.39 NFE on attitudinal change of respondents
  • 7.5.40 NFE on life in general
  • 7.35 Attitudinal Change of Respondents
  • 7.5.41 NFE on work culture
  • 7.36 Attitude Towards Change of Life in General
  • 7.6 The Ratio of Governmental and Non-Governmental Training
  • 7.37 Attitude Towards Work Culture
  • 7.38 Category of Training Programmes
  • 7.7 Conclusion
  • VIII. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
  • 8.1 Main Objective and Major Findings
  • 8.2 Problems of Beneficiaries
  • 8.2.1 Problems and prospects of self-employment programmes
  • 8.2.2 Investment problems of self-employment
  • 8.2.3 Problems and prospects of the literacy programme
  • 8.2.4 Problems and prsopects of TRYSEM
  • 8.2.5 Problems of Womens enterprises
  • 8.2.6 Problems related to sales and distribution
  • 8.2.7 Nutritional and Health Problems
  • 8.2.8 Professional job placement through NFE
  • 8.3 Literacy and Women
  • 8.4 Analysis of skills acquired by NFE
  • 8.5 Women Empowerment through Non-Formal Education
  • 8.6 NFE and the Rural Youth
  • 8.7 NFE and Social Change
  • 8.8 Efficiency of Implementing Agency
  • 8.9 The Role of Panchayatiraj in NFE
  • 8.10 Problems of Fishermen Community
  • 8.11 Reading Talent of Respondents in NFE
  • 8.12 Audio-visual Media in Non-Formal Education
  • 8.13 Suggestions
  • CONCLUSION
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • APPENDIX I -INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
  • APPENDIX II
  • APPENDIX III -LITERACY LEVELS AMONG MAJOR STATES-1995