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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE 1
  • CERTIFICATE-2
  • DECLARATION
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • I GENERAL INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Luminescence
  • 1.1 (a) Excitation
  • 1.1 (b) Emission
  • Radiative Transition
  • Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
  • Fig.1.1 Partial energy level diagram for a photoluminescent moleculeS, & SI are singlet states and TI & T2 are triplet states
  • Emission from Rare Earths
  • Non-radiative Transitions
  • i. Multiphonon Emission
  • ii. Auger Effect
  • iii. Non-radiative Defects
  • 1.2 Quantum Yield
  • 1.3 Quenching
  • 1.3 (a) Concentration Quenching
  • 1.3 (b) Temperature Quenching
  • 1.3 (c) Quenching by Killer Impurities
  • 1.3 (d) Quenching by Imperfections
  • 1.4 Transfer of Energy in Luminescence Processes
  • 1.4 (a) Emission Re-absorption Type
  • 1.4 (b) Resonant Radiationless Type
  • 1.4 (c) Non-resonant Radiationless Type
  • 1.4 (d) Resonant Energy Transfer
  • 1.5 Luminescence as a Function of Time
  • 1.6 Kinetics of Luminescence
  • 1.6 (a) First Order Kinetics
  • 1.6 (b) Second Order Kinetics
  • 1.7 Life Time of a Level
  • 1.7 (a) Decay Law
  • 1.8 Different Decay Mechanisms
  • 1.8 (a) Temperature Independent Decay
  • 1.8 (a)i Simple Exponential Decay
  • I8 (a)ii Hyperbolic Decay
  • 1.8 (b) Temperature Sensitive Decay - Power Law Decay
  • 1.9 Thermoluminescence
  • 1.9 (a) TL Materials
  • 1.9 (b) Measurements
  • 1.9 (c) Understanding of TL Phenomena on the Basis of Band model
  • I.9 (d) Understanding of thermoluminescence on the basis of configurationcoordinate diagram.
  • 1.9 (e) Understanding of TL Phenomena on the Basis of Observed Physico Chemical Effects
  • 1.9 (f) Mathematical Treatment of TL
  • 1.9 (g) Factors Affecting TI.
  • 1.9 (h) Applications of TL
  • 19 (h)i Archaeology
  • 1.9 (h)ii Biology and Bio-chemistry
  • 1.9 (h)iii Forensic Sciences
  • 1.9 (h)iv Geology
  • II PHOSPHOR SYNTHESIS AND EXPERIMENTATION
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Muffle Furnace
  • 2.3 Sample Preparation
  • Fig. 2.1Muffle Furnace
  • 2.4 Excitation Sources
  • 2.5 Data Acquisition Techniques
  • 2.5 (a) Scanning Monochromator
  • 2.5 (b) Photornultiplier Tube
  • 2.5 (c) Digital Nanoammeter
  • 2.5 (d) Chart Recorder
  • Fig. 2.3 Schematic diagram of photomultiplier tube
  • Fig. 2.5 High voltage DC supply for the photomultiplier tube
  • Fig. 2.6 Circuit diagram of the high voltage DC supply
  • Fig. 2.7 Digital nano ammeter
  • Fig. 2.8 Circuit diagram of the digital nano ammeter
  • Fig. 2.9 Chart recorder
  • Fig. 2.10 Functional block diagram of the chart recorder
  • Fig.2.11 Phatograph of the total equipment arrangement fordata acquisition
  • III X-RAY EXCITE!) OPTICAL LUMINESCENCE STUDIES
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Sample Preparation
  • 3.3 Experimental Aspects
  • Fig. 3.1 Schematic diagram of experimental setup forX-ray excited optical luminescence studies
  • Fig 3.2 Exploded view of sample chamber
  • 3.4 Results and Discussion
  • Fig.3.3 X-ray excited fluorescence emission spectra of cas: ceH phosphor for various Ceconcentrations (mol%) (A) undoped, (B) 0.0175, (C) 0.035, (D) 0.175 and (E) 0.35
  • Fig.3.4 Variation of X-ray fluorescence emission intensity withdopant concentration in CnS: Ce for the three prominent peaks at (a) 225nm @) 278nm and (c) 500nm in the emission spectrum.
  • 3.5 Conclusion
  • IV OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Sample Preparation
  • 4.3 Experimental Techniques
  • Fig.4.2 Experimental setup for OSL studies
  • Fig. 4.2 (a) Photograph of Experimental Setup used for OSL Studies
  • 4.4 Results and Discussion
  • Fig.43 (a) Printed circuit board for fuing the IR LEDs@) Circuit diagram for connecting IR LEDs
  • 4.5 Conclusion
  • V QUANTUM FLUORESCENCE EFFICIENCY STUDIES
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Experimental Setup
  • 5.3 Theoretical Aspects
  • 5.4 Measurements
  • 5.5 Results and Discussion
  • 5.6 Conclusion
  • VI PHOSPHORESCENCE STUDIES
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Experimental Details
  • Fig. 6.l (a) Photograph of Experimeatol Setup used forY laosp horescence Studies
  • 6.3 Results and Discussion
  • 6.4 Conclusion
  • VII THERMOLUMINESCENCE STUDIES
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Sample Preparation
  • 7.3 Theoretical Considerations
  • VII (a)TL DUE TO UV EXCITATION
  • 7. (a) I Experimental Setup
  • 7. (a)2 Measurement
  • Fig.7.1 Experimental setup used for TL studies
  • Fig 7.1 (a) Photograph of Experimental Setup used for Thermoluminescenes Studies
  • 7. (a)3 Results and Discussion
  • 7. (a) 4 Fading of Thermoluminescence
  • VII (b) TL DUE TO β EXCITATION
  • Fig. 7.44 TLOSL system used for the TL study of CaS: Ce phosphorsafter excitation by P particles.
  • VII (c) TL DUE TO γ EXCITATION:.
  • Fig. 7.46 Schematic diagram of TL glow curve readerused for y excited TL study
  • 7.4 Conclusion 203
  • VIII THERMOLUMINESCENCE: STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
  • 8.1 Introduction 204
  • 8.2 TL Study of Rock and Soil
  • 8.2 (a) TL Dating
  • 8.2 (b) Differentiation in Magma
  • 8.2 (c) Stratigraphic Correlation
  • 8.2 (d) Diagenesis
  • 8.2 (e) Pressure Effects in Whole Rocks
  • 8.2 (f) Ore Prospecting
  • 8.3 Study of Variation of Radiation Dose Received by Rock Samples at Various Heights
  • 8.3 (a) Context of Present Work
  • 8.3 (b) Choice of Area
  • 8.3 (c) Sample Processing
  • 8.3 (d) Experimental Details
  • 8.4 Conclusion
  • IX THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF POTTERY
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Various Dating Methods
  • 9.2 (a) Quartz Inclusion Dating
  • 9.2 (b) Fine Gtain Dating
  • 9.2 (c) Zircon Dating
  • 9.2 (d) Feldspar Dating
  • 9.2 (e) Pre-dose Dating
  • 9.3 Pre-dose Dating in Detail
  • 9.4 TL Dating of Pottery From Central Kerala
  • Fig.9.3 (a) Photograph of Fume Remover Chamber
  • 9.5 Conclusion
  • REFERENCES