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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
l. Introduction
Eryx conicus
Dryophis nasutus
Plate - I Fig.1 Eryx conicus; Fig 2. Dryophls; Fig.3. Dendrelaphis tristis
Dendrelaphis tristis
II. Materials and methods
Animals
Food-getting and feeding behaviour
Osteological elements
Quantitative analysis of the bony elements
Structure and disposition of muscles
TABLE 2: l: List of osteological characters
Quanatitative myology
The Force of Adduction
The Force of Abduction
Fig.2.1 Diagrammatic representation of the lever systems involving the opening and closing of the jaws. 2.1 (a) Adduction and abduction of the lower jaw. 2.1 (b) Protraction and retraction of the upper jaw and protraction of the lower jaw.
The Force of Protraction
The Force of Retraction
Morphological variables
Locomotor performance testing
Histochernical Observations
Fat
Glycogen
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
α - Glycerophosphate dehdrogenase (α GPDH)
Phosphorylase
ATPases
Acetyl Cholinesterase (AChE)
Fibre diameter and percent distribution
III. Food.getting and feeding behaviour
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Table 3.1. The numerical percentage of prey items present in thestomach contents of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus andDendrelaphis tristis.
TABLE 3.2. The volumetric percentage of prey items present in thestomach contents of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus andDendrelaphis tristis.
TABLE: 3: 3 Index of Relative Importance values for prey item ofEryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus and Dendrelaphis tristis.
ANALYSIS OF STOMACH CONTENTS
IV. Osteology to the skull, vertebrae and the ligament associated
Cranium
Nasal and Orbital region.
Jaw apparatus
Eryx conicus
Fig. 4.1 Skull of Eryx conicus
Dryophis nasutus
Fig.4.2 Skull of Dryophis nasutus
Dendrelaphis tristis
Fig.4.3 Skull of Dendrelaphis tristis
Table 4.1. Measurements of osteological characters of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus and Dendrelaphis tristis.
The ligaments associated with the skull
Vertebrae and ribs
Fig.4.4 (a) views of an intermediate vertebra of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus, Dendrelaphis tristis
Fig.4.4 (d) Rib of Eryx conclus (d) Rib of Dryophis nasutus and Rib of Dendrelaphis tristis
V. Structure and disposition of the jaw-muscles and its operative efficiency
A. Structure and disposition
Jaw-muscles
I. Adductors of the lower jaw
Fig. 5.1 Jaw muscles of Eryx conicus
II. Abductors of the lower jaw
Fig.5.2 Jaw muscles of Dryophis nasutus
Ill. Protractors of the upper jaw
IV. Protractors of the lower jaw and retractors of the upper jaw
Fig.5.3 Jaw muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis
V. Retractors of the upper jaw
Hyoid and Tongue-muscles
Opperative efficiency of the feeding apparatus
Lever systems of the feeding apparatus
Quantitative myology
TABLE 5.1: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION BY THE M. ADDUCTOR MANDIBULAE EXTERNUS SUPERFICIALIS
TABLE 5.2: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION BY THE M.ADDUCTOR MANDIBULAE EXTERNUS MEDIALIS
TABLE 5.3: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION BY THE M. ADDUCTOR MANDIBULAE EXTERNUS PROFUNDUS
TABLE 5.4: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION BY THE M.ADDUCTOR MANDIBULAE POSTERIOR
TABLE 5.5: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION BY THEM.PSEUDOTEMPORALIS
TABLE 5.6: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ABDUCTION BY THE M. DEPRESSOR MANDIBULAE ANTERIOR
TABLE 5.7: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ABDUCTION BY THE M. DEPRESSOR MANDIBULAE POSTERIOR
TABLE 5.8: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THE M.PROTARACTOR PTERYGOIDEI
TABLE 5.9: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM. LEVATOR PTERYGOlDEl
TABLE 5.10: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (UPPER JAW) BYTHE M.PROTRACTOR QUADRAT1
TABLE 5.11: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (LOWER JAW) BYTHE M.PTERYGOIDEUS
TABLE 5.12: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (LOWER JAW) BYTHE M.PTERYGOIDEUS ACCESSORIES
TABLE 5.13: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.PTERYGOIDEUS
TABLE 5.14: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.PTERYGOIDEUS ACCESSORIES.
TABLE 5.15: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.RETRACTOR PTERYGOIDEI
TABLE 5.16: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.RETRACTOR VOMERIS
TABLE 5.17: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.CERVIC0-MANDIBULARIS
TABLE 5.18: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) BY THEM.NEUR0 - MANDIBULARIS
TABLE 5.19: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ABDUCTION PER GRAM WEIGHTOF MUSCLE
TABLE 5.20: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF ADDUCTION PER GRAM WEIGHTOF MUSCLE
TABLE 5.21: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (UPPER JAW) PERGRAM WEIGHT OF MUSCLE
TABLE 5.22: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF PROTRACTION (LOWER JAW) PERGRAM WEIGHT OF MUSCLE
TABLE 5.23: EFFECTIVE FORCE OF RETRACTION (UPPER JAW) PERGRAM WEIGHT OF MUSCLE
TABLE 5.24: INDICES TO THE EFFECTIVE FORCES OF THE FUNCTIONALGROUPS OF MUSCLES PER GRAM WEIGHT OF MUSCLE
VI. Structure and disposition of the locomotory muscles
M. spinalis
M.semispinalis
M.longissirnus dorsi
M.multifidus
Fig. 6.1 Locomorory muscles of Eryx Conicus
M.interarticularis superior
M.interarticularis inferior
M.intervertebralis
M.retractor costae biceps
Fig. 6.2 Locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus
M.levator costae
M.tuberculocostalis
M.transversus dorsalis
M.costalis internus superior
Fig.6.3 Locomotort muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis
M.costalis internus inferior
M.costovertebrocostalis
M.intercostalis proprius
M.rectus abdominis
M.transversus abdominis
M.supracostalis dorsalis
M.costocutaneous superior
M. costocutaneous inferior
Muscle length and snout vent length ratio
TABLE VI. I. Length of muscle (ML) and snout vent length (SVL) percentage of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus andDendrelaphis tristis.
VII. Locomotory performance and morphological variables
Morphological variables
Table 7.1 MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF ERYX CONICUS (Ec) DRYOPHIS NASUTUS (Dn) AND DENDRELAPHIS TRlSTlS (Dt)
Table 7.2. SKIN THICKNESS OF ERYX CONICUSDRYOPHIS NASUTUS AND DENDRELAPHIS TRlSTlS (in rnm)
Table 7.3. WEIGHT OF LONGITUDINAL STRIPS OF SKIN (10 x70 mrn) OFERYX CONICUS. DRYOPHIS NASUTUS AND DENDRELAPHIS TRlSTlS (in grn)
Table 7.4. DIMENSIONS OF SCALES OF ERYX CONICUSDRYOPHIS NASUTUS AND DENDRELAPHIS TRlSTlS (in mm)
Locomotor Performance
Table 7.5. LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF ERYX CONICUS DRYOPHlSNASUTUS & DENDRELAPHIS TRlSTlS
ANOVA OF TABLE 7.5
VIII. Histochemical studies on the metabolites some related enzymes and neuromuscular junctions of the jaw and locomotory muscles
A. Histochemical studies on the metabolities, some related enzymes and neuromuscular junctions of the jaw-muscles
Glycogen
TABLE 8A.1. The percentage distribution of glycogen in the jaw-muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.1
Fat
TABLE 8A.2. The percentage distribution of FAT in the Jaw-muscles of Eryxconicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.2
Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
TABLE 8B.3. (a) The percentage distribution of fibre types in the locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus.
TABLE 8A.3. (b) The percentage distribution of fibre types in the jaw muscles of Dryophis nasutus
TABLE 8A.3. (c) The percentage distribution of fibre types in the Jawmuscles of Dendrelaphis tristis.
Phosphorylase
TABLE 8A.4. The percentage distribution of phosphorylase in thejaw-muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.4.
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
TABLE 8A.5. The percentage distribution of LDH in the jaw-muscles of Elyxconicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.5
α-Glycerphosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH)
TABLE 8A.6. The percentage distribution of ClGPDH in the Jaw-muscles ofEryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.6.
ATP ase
TABLE 8A.7. The percentage distribution of ATPase (acid-stabile) in theJaw-muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.7
ATP ase
TABLE 8A.8. The percentage distribution of ATPase (alkali-stabile) in theJaw-muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8A.8.
Acetylcholinestrase (AChE)
TABLE 8A. 9. The distance between the neurornuscular junctions (in p) of thejaw - muscles of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasufus and Dendrelaphis tristis.
TABLE 8A.lO. (a) The fibre diameter (in kt) of the jaw-muscles ofEryx conicus
TABLE B.A.lO. (b) The fibre diameter (in p) of the jaw-muscles ofDryophis nasutus
TABLE 8A.l0. (c) The fibre diameter (in p) of the jaw-muscles ofDendrelaphis tristis
Dimensions of fibre types
Glycogen
TABLE 8B.1. The percentage distribution of Glycogen in the locomotorymuscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendralephis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.1
Fat
TABLE 8B.2. The percentage distribution of FAT in the locornotory musclesof Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.2
Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
TABLE 8B.3 (a) The percentage distribution of tibre types in theiocomotory muscles of Eryx conicus.
TABLE 8B.3. (b) The percentage distribution of fibre types in thelocomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus.
TABLE 8B.3. (C) The percentage distribution of fibre types in thelocornotory muscles of - Dendrelaphis tristis
Phosphorylase
TABLE 8B.4. The percentage distribution of phosphorylase in thelocomotory muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.4
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
α Glycerphosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH)
TABLE 8B.5. The percentage distribution of LDH in the locomotory musclesof Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nosutus (Dn) and Dendrelophis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.5
TABLE 8B.6. The percentage distribution of aGPDH in the locomotorymuscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) andDendrelaphis trisfis (Of)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.6
TABLE 8B.7. The percentage distribution of ATP ase (acid-stabile) in the locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) and Dendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.7
TABLE 8B.8. The percentage distribution of ATP ase (alkali stabile) In thelocornotory muscles of Eryx conicus (Ec) Dryophis nasutus (Dn) andDendrelaphis tristis (Dt)
ANOVA OF TABLE 8B.8
ATPase (alkali-stabile)
Acetyl-cholinestrase. AChE
TABLE 8B. 9. The distance between the neuromusculor junctions (in 11) of the locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus, Dryophis nasutus and - Dendrelaphis tristis.
Dimensions of fibre types
TABLE 8B.10. (a) The fibre diameter (in μ) of the locomotorymuscles of Eryx conicus.
TABLE 8.B.10. (b) The fibre diameter (in μ) of the locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus.
TABLE 8B.10. (c) The fibre diameter (in μ) of the locomotory muscles Dendrelaphis tristis.
TABLE 8.11 (a) Correlation matrix (Pearsons r) of speed with glycogen, fat, SDH, phosphorylase, LDH, α GPDH and ATP ase (acid and alkalistabile) of the locornotory muscles of Eryx conicus
TABLE 8B. 11 (b) Correlation rnatirx (Pearsons r) of speed with glycogen, fat, SDH, phyosphorylase, LDH, α GPDH and ATPase (acid and alkalistabile) of the locornotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus.
TABLE II (c) Correlation matrix (Pearsons r) of speed with glycogen, fat, SDH, phosphorylase, LDH, α GPDH and ATPase (acid and alkali stabile) ofthe locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis.
PLATE -II T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for glycogen.
PLATE - III T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for glycogen.
PLATE -IV T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for glycogen.
PLATE -V T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for fat.The jaw-muscles.
PLATE VI T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for fat.
PLATE -VII T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for fat
PLATE - VIII T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for SDH activity
PLATE - IX T. S. of the jaw and locornotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for SDH activity.
PLATE - X T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for SDH activity.
PLATE - XI T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for phosphorylase
PLATE - XII T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained phosphorylase
PLATE -XIII T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for phosphorylase
PLATE -XIV T. S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for LDH
PLATE -XV T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for LDH
PLATE - XVI T.S. of the jaw and locomotery muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for LDH
PLATE - XVII T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for α GPDH
PLATE - XVIII T.S. of the jaw and locornotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for αGPDH
PLATE - XIX T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Denderlaphis tristis stained for αGPDH
PLATE - XX T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for acid - stablile ATP ase.
PLATE - XXI T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stainedfor acid - stabile ATP ase.
PLATE - XXII T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for acid - stabile ATP ase.
PLATE - XXIII T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus stained for alkaline - stabile ATP ase.
PLATE - XXIV T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus stained for alkali - stabile ATP ase
PLATE - XXV T.S. of the jaw and locomotory muscles of Dendrelaphis tristis stained for alkali - stable ATP ase.
PLATE - XXVI The jaw and locomotory muscles of Eryx conicus showing the localization of AChE at the neuromuscular junctions.
PLATE - XXVII The jaw and locomotory muscles of Dryophis nasutus showing the localization of AChEaat the neurornuscular junctions.
PLATE - XXVIII The jaw and locomotery muscles of Dendrephis tristis showing the localization of AChE at the neuro muscular junctions.
IX. Discussion
Food-getting and feeding behaviour
Osteology of the skull and the ligaments associated
Ligaments of the skull
The Body vertebrae
Muscles of the feeding apparatus and its operative efficiency
Hyoid-muscles and tongue-muscles
Operative efficiency
STRUCTURE AND DISPOSITION OF THELOCOMOTORY MUSCLES
Locomotor performance and morphological variables
Histochemical studies on the metabolites, some relatedenzymes and neuromuscular junctions of the locomotorymuscles
X Summary and conclusions
Works cited