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CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
List of Tables
I. Introduction and Review of Literature
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Review of Literature
II. Methodology and Data Base
2.1 Statement of the Study
2.2 Significance of the Study
2.3 Objectives
2.4 Hypotheses
2.5 Site of the Study
2.6 Sample
2.7 Methodology and Data Sources
2.8 Type of Study
2.9 Research Design
2.10 Pilot Study
2.11 Research Tools and Techniques of Data Collection
2.12 Pre Testing
2.13 Field Work
2.14 Data Processing
2.15 Scheme of Chapterisation
2.16 Difficulties faced in the Data Collection
III. Child Labour in India - Issues, Dimensions and Determinants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concept
3.3 Magnitude of the Problem
3.1 Child labour at world level 1995
3.2 Population, per capita income and governments expenditure on education in 20 countries of Asia
3.3 Percentage figures of child labour, illiteracy rate and population below poverty line in 20 countries of Asia
3.4 Participation rates for children: 10-14 years
3.4 Child Labour Situation in India
3.5 Dimensions of Child Labour in India
3.5 State-wise distribution of child workers (10-14) age group according to 1971, 81 and 91 census
3.6 Magnitude of Child labour as estimated by different organisations
3.7 Trends in incidence of Child Labour: 5-14 age group, NSS Data, 1993-94. All India
3.8 Incidence of Child Labour across Indian States: 5-14 age group
3.6 Determinants of Child Labour
3.6.1 The Household Structure, Labour Market and Child Labour
3.6.2 Poverty and Child Labour
3.6.3 Education and Child Labour
3.6.4 Landholding and Child Labour
3.6.5 Migration and Child Labour
3.7 Girl Child in India
3.8 Child Labour in Kerala
3.9 Child Workers in selected occupation (other than cultivator and agricultural labourers) by sex and residence, 1991
3.10 Activity status of Children: 5-14 age group, NCAER Data
3.9 Conclusion
Notes and References
IV. Child Labour Legislations in India
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Child Labour Legislation in Colonial India
4.3 Constitutional Provisions
4.4 Post Independent Legislation
4.5 Committees and Commissions on Child labour
4.6 International Initiatives on Child labour
4.7 Judicial Directives
4.8 Limitations of the Child labour Legislation
4.9 Conclusion
Notes and References
V. Socio-economic Background of the Migrant Child Labour and Their Families
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background of the Respondents
5.2.1 Age
5.1 Distribution of Child labourer by age
5.2.2 Religion and Caste
5.2 Distribution of Respondents by religion
5.3 Distribution of Respondents by Caste
5.2.3 Native State
5.4 Native State of Child Labourers
5.2.4 Native District
5.5 Native District of Child labour from Tamil Nadu
5.2.5 Native Place
5.6 Native Place of the Child Labour from Tamil Nadu
5.3 Reasons for Migration
5.7 Distribution of Migrant children by reasons for migration
5.4 Nature of Migration
5.8 Distinction of Working children by nature of migration
5.9 Distribution of Respondents by cause of working
5.5 Level of Education of Child Labour
5.6 Presence of Parents of Child labour
5.10 Distribution of Respondents by education
5.11 Distribution of Respondents by presence of parents
5.7 Household Size
5.12 Distribution of Respondents by size of family
5.8 Level of Education of the Family Members of Child Labour
5.13 Distribution of Respondents by education level of parents
5.9 Parental Occupation
5.14 Distribution of Respondents by occupation of parents
5.10 Type of Houses and House Ownership and Civic Amenities
5.15 Distribution of Child labour, ownership of house and the type of house
5.16 Type of Civic amenities in child workers house
5.11 Economic Status of the Households of Child Labour
5.16a Distribution of Respondents by monthly family income
5.12 Percentage Contribution of Child Workers Income to the Family
5.17 Child workers contribution to the family income
5.13 Support Given to the Family
5.18 Child labour support to their family
5.14 Land Holding
5.19 Land holding patterns of the child labours family
5.15 Indebtedness, Sources of Borrowing and Saving
5.20 Approximate debt of the households of the child workers
5.16 Sources of Borrowing of the Households of Child Workers
5.21 Sources of Borrowing
5.22 Purpose of Loan
5.17 Conclusion
VI. Working Conditions of Child Workers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Reasons for Selection of Hotel Work
6.3 Type of Work
6.4 Working Hours
6.1 Distribution of the working children by working hours
6.5 Night Work
6.2 Distribution of the Respondents by night work
6.3 Working hours of children at night
6.6 Availability of Resting Hours
6.4 Distribution of child workers based on rest interval during work
6.7 Number of Working Days per Week
6.8 National and Religious Holidays
6.5 Distribution of the respondents by number of working days per week
6.9 Availability of Leave
6.6 Distribution of child workers based on availability of leave in need
6.10 Childrens Opinion about their Work
6.7 Whether or not the respondents experienced endless drudgery of work in the hotels and restaurants
6.11 Wage Structure
6.8 Type of work disliked by child workers
6.9 Distribution of the respondents by monthly income
6.12 Mode of Payment
6.10 Distribution of the respondents by mode of payment of wages
6.13 Who Receives the Wages
6.11 Distribution of the respondents by mode of receiving wages
6.14 Fringe Benefits
6.12 Distribution of the respondents by fringe benefits
6.15 Opinion of Child Workers about their Wages
6.13 Distribution of the child workers by income satisfaction
6.14 Opinion of the child workers about the ideal working condition
6.16 Child Workers Opinion about the Expected Amount of Work and Salary
6.17 Occupational Hazards
6.15 Opinion of the child labour about the amount of work and salary they expect
6.16 The frequency distribution with regard to problems confronted by working children
6.18 Living Conditions
6.18.1 Accommodation
6.17 Distribution of the respondents by accommodation
6.18.2 Quality of Food
6.19 Health Hazards
6.18 Distribution of the respondents based on the quality of food they are getting
6.19 Distribution of the respondents by type of health problems experienced while working
6.20 Employer -- Employee Relations
6.20 Distribution of the respondents based on employer-employee relationship
6.21 Approach of the Older Workers
6.21 The approach of the adult workers towards child labour as reported by child workers
6.22 Conclusion
VII. Opinion of Parents and Employers on Child Labour
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Approach of Employers towards Child Labourers as Perceived by Child Workers
7.3 Approach of the Employers towards Child labour when they Commit Mistakes
7.1 The Approach of the employers
7.4 Incidence of Child Abuse
7.5 Physical Abuse
7.2 The nature and extent of physical punishment experienced by childworkers during work
7.6 Sexual Abuse
7.3 The nature and type of emotional abuse faced by the child workers
7.7 Child Workers Perception about the Attitude of the Employer
7.4 Attitude of the employers as perceived by child labour
7.8 Approach of the Customers
7.5 The experiences of the child labourers from the customers
7.9 Child Labourers Perception about the Attitude of the Customers
7.10 Child Workers Opinion About Legal Provision Regarding Child labour
7.6 The attitude of the customers as perceived by the child workers
7.7 The awareness of child labour about legal provisions for them
7.11 Migrant Childrens Opinion about Child Labour
7.12 Alternatives Required by Child Labourers
7.8 Distribution of the Respondents by alternatives required by child labourers
7.13 Opinion about Forming Unions
7.9 Child workers opinion about forming of union
7.14 Ambition of Child Labour Regarding Education and Occupation
7.10 The nature of house visits of child workers
7.15 Habits of Child Workers
7.11 Distribution of the respondents by bad habits
7.16 Future Plan of Child Workers
7.17 Awareness and Attitudes of Parents of Migrant Child Workers
7.12 Distribution of the respondents on the basis of their perceptions about future
7.18 Employers Justification
7.19 Case Studies
7.20 Conclusion
VIII. Summary, Findings and Conclusion
8.1 Characteristics of the Migrant Children
8.2 Working Conditions
8.3 Awareness and Attitudes of Parents of Migrant Child Workers
8.4 Employers Justification
8.5 Major Findings of the Study
8.6 Conclusion and Policy Suggestions
BIBILIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX