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  • Title
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • Preface
  • CONTENTS
  • GLOSSARY OF TERMS
  • I. Introduction
  • I.1. Definition and importance of composites
  • I.2. Component materials
  • I.2.1. Elastomer type
  • I.2.2. Compounding ingredients
  • I.3. Importance and classification of fillers
  • I.3.1. Carbon blacks
  • I.3.2. Non-black filler
  • I.4. Reinforcement by fillers
  • I.4.1. Surface area
  • I.4.2. Porosity
  • I.4.3. Morphology of aggregates
  • I.4.4. Surface chemical characteristics
  • I.4.5. Polymer-filler interaction
  • I.5. Role of coupling / bonding agents
  • I.5.1. Coupling agents
  • I.5.2. Bonding systems
  • I.6. Effect of fillers on vulcanizate properties
  • I.6.1. Effect of filler on crosslinking process
  • I.6.2. Effect on modulus and elongation at break
  • I.6.3. Effect on tensile strength
  • I.6.4. Effect on other mechanical properties
  • I.6.5. Effect of filler on degradation
  • I.6.6. Effect on solvent resistance
  • I.6.7. Effect on frame resistance
  • I.7. Electrical / thermal properties of elastomers
  • I.7.1. EIectrical properties
  • I.7.2. ThermaI properties
  • I.8. Heat transfer and vulcanization of thick articles
  • I.9. Conductive polymers
  • I.10. Metal powders as conductive fillers
  • I.11. Applications of metal powder filled composites
  • I.11.1. Uniform curing of thick rubber products
  • I.11.2. As shielding materials
  • I.11.3. As antistatic materials
  • I.11.4. In electrial and eIectronic industries
  • I.11.5. As magnetic materials
  • I.11.6. In marine applications
  • I.12. Scope and objectives of the work:
  • References
  • II. Experimental Techniques
  • II.1. Materials used
  • II.1.1. Natural rubber
  • II.1.2. Siyrene butadiene rubber
  • II.1.3. Fillers
  • II.1.3.1. Aluminium powder
  • II.1.3.2. Carbun blacks
  • II.1.3.3. Mon-black fillers
  • II.1.4. Rubber chemimls
  • II.1.4.1. Accelerators
  • II.1.4.2. Antioxidant
  • II.1.4.3. Warder
  • II.1.4.4. Other chemicaIs
  • II.1.5. Plasticizer
  • II.1.6. Special chemicals
  • II.1.7. Solvents
  • II.2. Test sample preparation
  • II.2.1. Prepamtion of composites
  • II.2.2. Time of optimum cure
  • II.2.3. Rheometric induction time and cure rate index
  • II.2.4. Moulding of test samples
  • II.3. Testing for vulcanizate properties
  • II.3.1. Modulus, tensile strength and elogation at break
  • II.3.2. Tear strength
  • II.3.3. Hardness
  • II.3.4. Heat build-up
  • II.3.5. Abrasion resistance
  • II.3.6. Rebound resilience
  • II.3.7. Compression set
  • II.4. Measurement of resistance to degradation
  • II.4.1. Hot air ageing
  • II.4.2. Exposure to Υ- radiation
  • II.4.3. Exposure to ozonized air
  • II.5. Swelling studies
  • II.6. Measurement of thermal conductivity
  • II.7. Measurement of electrical properties
  • II.8. Scanning electron microscopy studies
  • II.9. Stress relaxation studies
  • II.10. Dynamic mechanical analysis
  • II.11. Limiting oxygen index
  • References
  • III. Effect of Bonding Agents on the Properties of Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
  • III.1. Effect of bonding agents on hardness and resilience
  • III.2. Effect of bonding agents on tensile properties
  • III.3. Effect of bonding agents on other mechanical properties
  • III.4. Effect of bonding agents on equilibrium swelling
  • III.5. Conclusions
  • References
  • IV. Assessment of Adhesion in Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites by Equilibrium Swelling
  • IV.1. Effect off aluminium powder on cur: characteristics
  • IV.2. Effect of aluminium powder on sorption and diffusion
  • IV.2.1. Type of valcanization
  • IV.2.2. Effect of bonding agents
  • IV.2.3. Effect of penetrant size and temperature
  • IV.3. Analysis of sorption data
  • IV.4. Conclusions
  • References
  • V. Properties of Natural rubber vulcanizates containing Aluminium powder in combination with other fillers
  • V.1. Effect of Aluminium Powder on Cure Characteristics
  • V.2. Effect of Aluminium POwder on Mechanical Properties
  • V.2.1. Hardness and rebound resilience
  • V.2.2. Tensile and tear properties
  • V.2.3. Heat BuiId-up, abration and compression set
  • V.3. Effect of Aluminium Powder on Equilibrium Swelling
  • V.4. Thermal conductivity and Uniform curing of Thick Article
  • V.5. Conclusions
  • Reference
  • VI. Stress Relaxation Behaviour of Natural Rubber Aluminium Powder Composites
  • VI.1. Effect of strain level on stress relaxation
  • VI.2. Effect of fillers on stress relaxation
  • V1.3. Loading of aluminium powder on stress relaxation
  • VI.4. Effect of bonding agents on stress relaxation
  • VI.5. Analysis of SEM photographs
  • VI.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • VII. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
  • VII. I. Effect of fillers on dynamic mechanical properties
  • VII.2. Effect of aluminium powder loading
  • VII.3. Effect of bonding agents
  • VII.4. Temperature and frequency on dynamic mechanical properties
  • VII.5. Comparison with theoretical models
  • VII.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • VIII. Degradation Behaviour of Natural Rubber Aluminium Powder Composites
  • VIII.1. Effect of heat ageing
  • VIII.2. Effect of gamma radiation
  • VIII.3. Ozone resistance of NR-aluminium powder composites
  • VIII 4. Limiting oxygen index values of the vulcanizates
  • VIII.5. Conclusions
  • References
  • IX. Uniform Curing and Reduction in Vulcanization Time of Thick Rubber Articles Using Aluminium Powder
  • IX.1. Properties of aluminium powder incorporated compounds
  • IX.2. Uniform curing of thick articles using aluminium powder
  • IX.3. Uniform curing of dock fender and rice polisher brake
  • IX.4. Conclusions
  • References
  • X. Properties of Aluminium Powder Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber Composites
  • X.1. Effect of aluminium powder on cure characteristics
  • X.2. Effect of aluminium powder on mechanical properties
  • X.3. Effect of aluminium powder on heat ageing
  • X.4. Thermal conductivity and vulcanization of thick articles
  • X.5. Effect of aluminium powder along with HAF in SBR
  • X.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • XI. Effect of Bonding Agents on the Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
  • XI.1. Effect of bonding agents on cure characteristics
  • XI.2. Effect of bonding agents on tensile properties
  • XI.3. Effect of bonding agents on swelling behaviour
  • XI.4. Effect of bonding agents on mechanical properties
  • XI.5. Analysis of SEM photographs
  • XI.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • APPENDIX l. List of publications
  • APPENDIX II. Presentations