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Title
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Preface
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
I. Introduction
I.1. Definition and importance of composites
I.2. Component materials
I.2.1. Elastomer type
I.2.2. Compounding ingredients
I.3. Importance and classification of fillers
I.3.1. Carbon blacks
I.3.2. Non-black filler
I.4. Reinforcement by fillers
I.4.1. Surface area
I.4.2. Porosity
I.4.3. Morphology of aggregates
I.4.4. Surface chemical characteristics
I.4.5. Polymer-filler interaction
I.5. Role of coupling / bonding agents
I.5.1. Coupling agents
I.5.2. Bonding systems
I.6. Effect of fillers on vulcanizate properties
I.6.1. Effect of filler on crosslinking process
I.6.2. Effect on modulus and elongation at break
I.6.3. Effect on tensile strength
I.6.4. Effect on other mechanical properties
I.6.5. Effect of filler on degradation
I.6.6. Effect on solvent resistance
I.6.7. Effect on frame resistance
I.7. Electrical / thermal properties of elastomers
I.7.1. EIectrical properties
I.7.2. ThermaI properties
I.8. Heat transfer and vulcanization of thick articles
I.9. Conductive polymers
I.10. Metal powders as conductive fillers
I.11. Applications of metal powder filled composites
I.11.1. Uniform curing of thick rubber products
I.11.2. As shielding materials
I.11.3. As antistatic materials
I.11.4. In electrial and eIectronic industries
I.11.5. As magnetic materials
I.11.6. In marine applications
I.12. Scope and objectives of the work:
References
II. Experimental Techniques
II.1. Materials used
II.1.1. Natural rubber
II.1.2. Siyrene butadiene rubber
II.1.3. Fillers
II.1.3.1. Aluminium powder
II.1.3.2. Carbun blacks
II.1.3.3. Mon-black fillers
II.1.4. Rubber chemimls
II.1.4.1. Accelerators
II.1.4.2. Antioxidant
II.1.4.3. Warder
II.1.4.4. Other chemicaIs
II.1.5. Plasticizer
II.1.6. Special chemicals
II.1.7. Solvents
II.2. Test sample preparation
II.2.1. Prepamtion of composites
II.2.2. Time of optimum cure
II.2.3. Rheometric induction time and cure rate index
II.2.4. Moulding of test samples
II.3. Testing for vulcanizate properties
II.3.1. Modulus, tensile strength and elogation at break
II.3.2. Tear strength
II.3.3. Hardness
II.3.4. Heat build-up
II.3.5. Abrasion resistance
II.3.6. Rebound resilience
II.3.7. Compression set
II.4. Measurement of resistance to degradation
II.4.1. Hot air ageing
II.4.2. Exposure to Υ- radiation
II.4.3. Exposure to ozonized air
II.5. Swelling studies
II.6. Measurement of thermal conductivity
II.7. Measurement of electrical properties
II.8. Scanning electron microscopy studies
II.9. Stress relaxation studies
II.10. Dynamic mechanical analysis
II.11. Limiting oxygen index
References
III. Effect of Bonding Agents on the Properties of Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
III.1. Effect of bonding agents on hardness and resilience
III.2. Effect of bonding agents on tensile properties
III.3. Effect of bonding agents on other mechanical properties
III.4. Effect of bonding agents on equilibrium swelling
III.5. Conclusions
References
IV. Assessment of Adhesion in Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites by Equilibrium Swelling
IV.1. Effect off aluminium powder on cur: characteristics
IV.2. Effect of aluminium powder on sorption and diffusion
IV.2.1. Type of valcanization
IV.2.2. Effect of bonding agents
IV.2.3. Effect of penetrant size and temperature
IV.3. Analysis of sorption data
IV.4. Conclusions
References
V. Properties of Natural rubber vulcanizates containing Aluminium powder in combination with other fillers
V.1. Effect of Aluminium Powder on Cure Characteristics
V.2. Effect of Aluminium POwder on Mechanical Properties
V.2.1. Hardness and rebound resilience
V.2.2. Tensile and tear properties
V.2.3. Heat BuiId-up, abration and compression set
V.3. Effect of Aluminium Powder on Equilibrium Swelling
V.4. Thermal conductivity and Uniform curing of Thick Article
V.5. Conclusions
Reference
VI. Stress Relaxation Behaviour of Natural Rubber Aluminium Powder Composites
VI.1. Effect of strain level on stress relaxation
VI.2. Effect of fillers on stress relaxation
V1.3. Loading of aluminium powder on stress relaxation
VI.4. Effect of bonding agents on stress relaxation
VI.5. Analysis of SEM photographs
VI.6. Conclusions
References
VII. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
VII. I. Effect of fillers on dynamic mechanical properties
VII.2. Effect of aluminium powder loading
VII.3. Effect of bonding agents
VII.4. Temperature and frequency on dynamic mechanical properties
VII.5. Comparison with theoretical models
VII.6. Conclusions
References
VIII. Degradation Behaviour of Natural Rubber Aluminium Powder Composites
VIII.1. Effect of heat ageing
VIII.2. Effect of gamma radiation
VIII.3. Ozone resistance of NR-aluminium powder composites
VIII 4. Limiting oxygen index values of the vulcanizates
VIII.5. Conclusions
References
IX. Uniform Curing and Reduction in Vulcanization Time of Thick Rubber Articles Using Aluminium Powder
IX.1. Properties of aluminium powder incorporated compounds
IX.2. Uniform curing of thick articles using aluminium powder
IX.3. Uniform curing of dock fender and rice polisher brake
IX.4. Conclusions
References
X. Properties of Aluminium Powder Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber Composites
X.1. Effect of aluminium powder on cure characteristics
X.2. Effect of aluminium powder on mechanical properties
X.3. Effect of aluminium powder on heat ageing
X.4. Thermal conductivity and vulcanization of thick articles
X.5. Effect of aluminium powder along with HAF in SBR
X.6. Conclusions
References
XI. Effect of Bonding Agents on the Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber-Aluminium Powder Composites
XI.1. Effect of bonding agents on cure characteristics
XI.2. Effect of bonding agents on tensile properties
XI.3. Effect of bonding agents on swelling behaviour
XI.4. Effect of bonding agents on mechanical properties
XI.5. Analysis of SEM photographs
XI.6. Conclusions
References
Summary and Conclusions
APPENDIX l. List of publications
APPENDIX II. Presentations