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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Group V Semimetals and its oxides
  • 1.3 Earlier studies on bismuth, antimony, bismuth oxide and antimony oxide
  • References
  • 2. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Methods of preparation of films
  • 2.3 Resistive heating evaporation
  • Fig 2.1 Schematic diagram of a resistive heating set up
  • 2.4 Production of vacuum
  • 2.5 Oil sealed rotary pump
  • Fig 2.2 Cross-section of oil-sealed rotary pump
  • 2.6 Diffusion pump
  • Fig. 2.3 Schematic diagram of cross-section of a diffusion pump.
  • 2.7 vacuum coating plant
  • 2.8 Substrate cleaning
  • Fig. 2.4 Schematic diagram of a vacuum coating unit
  • Fig. 2.5: Photograph of the thin film unit and the other instruments used in the laboratory
  • 2.9 Substrate heater and temperature measurement
  • 2.10 preparation of films
  • Fig. 2.0 Schematic diagram of the substrate heater used in the laboratory.
  • 2.11 Sample annealing
  • Fig. 2.7 Block diagram of the temperature controller cum recorder
  • 2.12 Measurement of thickness of film
  • 2.12 (1) Optical Method (Multiple Beam Interferometry)
  • Tolanskys Fizeau Fringe Method
  • 2.12 (2) Quartz Crystal Thickness Monitor
  • Fig. 2.8 Arrangement for Fizeau Fringes.
  • Fig. 2.9 Block diagram of quartz crystal thickness monitor.
  • 2.13 Measurement of electrical conductivity
  • 2.14 Conductivity cell
  • Fig.2.11 Schematic diagram of the cross-section of the conductivity cell
  • 2.15 Electrometer
  • 2.16 U.V-visible spectrophotometer
  • Fig 2. 12 Measurement of resistance using Keithley progammable electrometer (Model No 617) in V/1 mode
  • 2.17 X-ray diffractometer
  • Fig. 2.13. Optical diagram of the spectrophotometer
  • References
  • 3. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN BISMUTH, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH OXIDE AND ANTIMONY OXIDE THIN FILMS
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Theory
  • 3.3 Bismuth
  • 3.4 Antimony
  • 3.5 Bismuth oxide
  • 3.6 Antimony oxide
  • CONCLUSION
  • References
  • 4. OPTICAL STUDIES IN BISMUTH, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH OXIDE AND ANTIMONY OXIDE THIN FILMS
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Theory
  • 4.3 Determination of energy band gap
  • 4.4 Bismuth
  • 4.5 Antimony
  • 4.6 Bismuth oxide
  • 4.7 Antimony oxide
  • CONCLUSION
  • References
  • 5. X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES ON BISMUTH, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH OXIDE AND ANTIMONY OXIDE THIN FILMS
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Theory
  • 5.3 Bismuth
  • 5.4 Antimony
  • 5.5 Bismuth oxide
  • 5.6 Antimony oxide
  • CONCLUSION
  • References
  • 6. SUMMARY