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Full Screen- TITLE
- CERTIEICATE
- DECLARATION
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATION
- I. INTRODUCTION
- Statement of the Problem
- Objective of the study
- Defining the problem
- (a) Militarism and Hilitarization
- (b) Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Conceptual frame-work
- Limitations of the study
- Organisation of the thesis
- II. MILITARIZATION OF POLITICS: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
- 1. Traditional Role of Military
- 2. Role of Military and Civil-Military Relations in Developing Countries
- 3. Failure of Political Parties and Military Intervention
- 4. Militarization and Civili an Regines
- 5. Global Militarization: Its Casuses and Consquences
- (a) Arms Race: a Catalyst of Militarization
- (b) Super-Power Interventions
- 6. Militarizationinthe Third World
- 7. Militarization and National Security Doctrine
- 8. Militarization: its Consequences
- (a) Repressions and Human Right Violations
- (b) Loss of Resources
- (c) Militarization causes Underdevelopment
- (d) Increases Dependency
- III. MILITARIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS I N SOUTHEAST ASIA
- From Colonialism to Democracy
- Collapse of Democracy and Emergence of Authoritarianism
- Military involvment in Southeast Asian Politics
- Table I - Military Expenditure, Armed Forces and Population in Southeast Asian Countries
- Factors Contributing to Hilitarization in Southeast Asia
- Role of Superpowers
- Communist Insurgency
- HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- IV. MILITARIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES: 1972- 86
- The Land and the People
- From Colonialism to Independence
- Historical foundations for Militarization
- Spread of Military ideology
- Mounting Tensions and Unrest
- Institutionalisation of Martial law
- Authoritarianism and Politico-economic Crisis
- Role of the AFP in martial law and after
- Structure of the AFP
- (a) The Philippines Constabulary (PC)
- Chart - Structure of Armed Forces of the Philippines: 1984
- (b) Intelligence Units
- (c) Special Combat Units
- (d) The Integrated Civilian Home Defence Force (IDHDF)
- (e) Irregular Paramiliatary Fanstic groups
- Philippines: a National Security State
- Manifestations of Militarization
- Table 2 - Armed Forces of the Philippines Man Power and Military Expenditure (1972 - 1986)
- V. INCREASE OF MILITARIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
- U.S Intervention in Philippine Affairs
- Dependence Tactics
- U.S Economic Interests
- IMP and World Bank Policies
- Strategic Interests
- U.S Military Bases
- U.S Military Assistance
- Insurgency Problem
- (a) The CPP-NPA insurgency
- (b) MNLF - BMA insurgency
- Table 3 - NPA Strength as on 1986 February
- Table 4 - Growth of NPA Strength
- Indigenous Peoples Struggle
- Counter-insurgency Operations
- Philippine Experience
- Oplan Katatagan
- Strategic Hamletting
- Role of CIA and U.S Counter-insurgency strategy in the Philippines
- Role of paramiltary and fanatic groups
- Lost Command
- Fanatical Religious groups
- Role of Hultinational Companies
- VI. IMPACT OF MILITARIZATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Nature of Human Rights Violations
- 1. Arrest and Detention
- Torture
- Dsappearances
- Table 5 - People Disappeared During 1975 - 1985
- Salvaging
- Massacres
- Bombing, Strafing and Burning
- 8. Strategic Hamletting and Rase Evacuation
- Militarization in the Philippines: A Dehumanising Process
- 9. Philippines Legal systems and violations of Human Rights
- Violation of Right to Life
- Violation of Right to Freedom
- C) Violation of Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression
- Violations of Right to Freedom of Assembly
- Violation of Right to Work
- Violation of Right to Property
- Violation of Right to Equality and Social Security
- Militarization: Process of Violating Humanitarian Law - the Right of Combatants
- VII. VICTIMS OF MILITARIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES SOME CASE STUDIES
- Certain Specific Cases
- How Militarization affected various sectors
- a) Peasants
- b) Trade Unionists
- C) Agricultural Workers
- d) Women
- e) Human Rights Activists
- f) Students
- g) Children
- h) Church Workers
- Urban Poor
- Tribal Minorities
- Muslims
- Responses of Peoples Governments Towards the Plight of the Victims
- VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- APENDICES
- APPENDIX 1 Military Bases Agreement, March 14, 1947
- APPENDIX 2 DECLARING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES
- REGIONAL PROGRAM OF ACTION 1972
- CENTRAL COHHITTEE COHHUNIST PARTY OF THEPHILIPPINES
- APPENDIX 3 Martial Law, Staff Report for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- APPENDIX 4 PROCLAIMING THE TERMINATION OF THE STATE OF MARTIAL LAW THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES
- APPENDIX 5 Republic of the Philippines White Paper on CPP-NPA InsurgencyThe Governnentns response to the insurgency
- APPENDIX 6 National Security Study Directive: U.S Policy Towards the Philippines - Executive Summary
- .PREMISES UNDERLYING U.S.POLICY
- SPECIFIC SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM GOALS
- THE CONSENSUS APPROACH: QUID PRO QUO
- DRAMATIC NEW MEASURES
- NO-SALE NON-FEASANCE OPTIONS
- SELLING A SOLUTION TO CONGRESS
- APPENDIX 7 CHRONOLOGY
- GLOSSARY