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  • Title
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • DEDICATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 2.1 Sources of natural rubber
  • Table 1 Sources of Natural Rubber
  • 2.2 Manihot glaziovii
  • Fig. 1. Distribution of 3. g l a z i o v i i in North-East Brazil
  • 2.2.1 Introduction and cultivation in India
  • Table 2 Analysis of ceara rubber samples from various countries
  • 2.2.2 Exploitation
  • 2.2.3 Laticiferous system
  • 2.2.4 Latex
  • 2.2.5 Latex and dry rubber
  • 2.2.6 Ancillary products
  • 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 3.1 Locations
  • 3.2 Experimental materials
  • 3.3 Brief Description of the experimental trees
  • 3.4 Rainfall
  • Table 3 Rainfall and number of rainy days
  • 3.5 Methods
  • 3.5.1 Growth and morphology
  • 3.5.2 Propagation
  • 3.5.3 Leaf disease
  • 3.5.4 Bark studies
  • 3.5.5 Exploitation and yield potential
  • 3.5.6 Latex vessels and latex flow
  • 3.5.7 Properties of latex
  • 3.5.8 Properties of dry films of the latex
  • 3.5.9 Properties of dry rubber
  • 3.5.10 Processing properties of mixes
  • 3.5.11 Physical properties of vul cani zat es
  • Table 4 ASTM 1A formulation (ASTM D 3184 1989)
  • Table 5 Formulation of tread type compound
  • 3.5.12 Wood and seed oil
  • 4. RESULTS
  • 4.1 Growth and morphology
  • Table 6 Leaf area and stomatal frequency
  • 4.2 Propagation
  • 4.2.1 Seed propagation
  • Table 7 Seed treatment and germination
  • 4.2.2 Vegetative propagation
  • Table 8 Vegetative propagation of M. glaziovii cuttings
  • 4.3 Leaf disease
  • 4.4 Bark structure
  • 4.5 Laticiferous system
  • Table 9 Comparison of bark thickness, distance from cambium t o inner row of latex vessels and average distance between latex vessel rows of M. glaziovii and H. brasiliensis
  • Table 10 Comparison of girth, bark thick ness and number, density and diameter of latex vessels and fre quency of stone cells of M. glaziovii and H. brasiliensis
  • 4.6 Bark moisture
  • 4.7 Bark chlorophyll
  • Table 11 Moisture content of bark of M. glaziovii and H. brasiliensis during summer season
  • Table 12 Chlorophyll content In the bark tissue
  • 4.8 Latex vessel turgor
  • 4.9 Latex vessel plugging
  • Table 13 Turgor pressure of _M. glaziovii and other laticiferous species
  • 4.10 Yield and yield potential
  • Table 14 Latex vessel plugging
  • Table 15 Girth, bark thickness, volume of latex and PI of M. glaziovii in Location II
  • Table 16 Treewise mean yield during 1992
  • Table 17 Yield and estimated yield potential of M. gllaziovii
  • 4.10.1 Potential of wild germplasm
  • 4.11 Properties of latex
  • Table 18 Properties of latex
  • 4.12 Properties of dry films of the latex
  • Table 19 Properties of total solids film
  • 4.13 Dry rubber properties
  • Table 20 Properties of sheet rubber
  • 4.14 Processing properties
  • 4.15 Physical properties of vul cani zat es
  • Table 21 Processing characteristics of gum compounds
  • Table 22 Processing characteristics of HAF filled compounds
  • Table 23 Properties of gum vulcanizates
  • Table 24 Properties of HAF black filled vulcanizates
  • 4.16 Ceara rubber wood
  • Table 25 Density, moisture percentage and chemical penetration of boron treated ceara wood and Hevea wood
  • 4.17 Ceara rubber seed oil
  • Table 26 Physical characteristics of the seed oil of M, glaziovii
  • 5. DISCUSSION
  • 5.1 General
  • 5.2 Morphology, propagation and diseases
  • 5.3 Bark structure
  • 5.4 Yield influencing factors and yield
  • 5.5 Characterisation of latex and rubber
  • 5.6 Ceara rubber wood and seed oil
  • 6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE
  • Fig.2 5. Extent of semi arid zones in India
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1
  • Authors publications on M. glaziovi i (Ceara rubber)
  • APPENDIX II
  • Authors publications on - H. brasiliensis (Para rubber)