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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
PREFACE
1. THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRICS
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Anisotropic Conduction
1.2 Dielectrics
1.2.1 Measurement of Dielectric Tensor
1.3 Conductivity Measurement Theory
1.3.1 Theory of DC Conductivity
1.4 DC Conductivity Measurement Methods
1.4.1 General Methods of Measurements
1.4.2 Ohmmeter and Voltmeter -Ammeter Measurements
1.4.3 Potential Probe Method
1.4.4 Spreading Resistance Method
1.4.5 Four- Point Probe Method
1.4.6 Electrometer Method
1.5 Theory of Dielectrics and AC Conductivity
1.5.1 Dielectric Materials
1.5.2 General Theory
1.5.3 Behaviour of Dielectrics in Time Varying Field
1.5.4 Complex Plane Analysis
1.6 Dielectric Spectra Analysis
1.6.1 Equivalent Circuit analysis
1.6.2 Theoretical aspect of Cole- Cole plot
1.6.3.Dielectric relaxation
1.6.4 Static and optic dielectric constant
1.6.5 Interpretation of the Dielectric Behaviour
1.7 Electrode effects on the measurements of dielectric properties
1.8 Dielectric spectroscopy-Outlook
1.9 Theory of Phase Transition
1.9.1 Introduction
1.9.2 Order of Phase Transition
1.9.3 Landau Theory of Phase Transition
References
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conductivity Measurement Methods
2.2.1 DC Electrical Conductivity Measurements.
2.2.2 Alternating Current Bridge Method
2.3 The fabricated Conductivity Cell
Fig 2.6: The fabricated conductivity cell
2.4 DC Conductivity Measurements
2.5 AC Conductivity Measurements
2.5.1 Conducting an Impedance Spectroscopy Experiment
Fig 2.8: DC conductivity measurement setup
Fig 2.9: AC conductivity and dielectric measurement setup
2.6 Sample Preparation
2.6.1 Crystal Growth from Solution
2.7 Constant Temperature Bath
Fig 2.10: An overview of the constant temperature bath
Fig 2.11: Photograph of the crystal growth setup
2.8 Designed Temperature Controller
2.9 Identification of the Faces using Stereographic Projection
Fig 2.15: A crystal model with (111) face
2.10 Crystal Cutting and Polishing
Fig 2.19: Photograph of the crystal polishing unit
References
3. DC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF LITHIUM HYDRAZINIUM SULPHATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
3.1 Literature Review
Fig 3.1: Unit cell visualization of LHS crysta in the a- b plane
Fig 3.2: Morphology of the LHS crystal
3.2 Experimental Details
3.2.1 Crystal Growth
3.2.2 Cutting and Polishing
3.2.3 Measurements of DC Conductivity
Fig 3.5: Photograph of the Grown LHS crystal
Fig 3.6: Stereographic projection of LHS crystal projected at 001 direction
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 DC Conductivity Along a, b and c- axes
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. AC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIELECTRIC AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF LITHIUM HYDRAZINIUM SULPHATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Complex Impedance Analysis along a-axis
4.3.2 Complex Impedance Analysis along b-axis
4.3.3 Complex Impedance Analysis along c-axis
4.4 Dielectric Analysis
4.4.1 Frequency dependant dielectric spectra
4.4.2 Temperature dependence of dielectric constant
4.5 Conductivity Analysis
4.5.1 Frequency dependent conductivity spectra
4.5.2 Temperature dependent AC conductivity
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. DC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF LITHIUM HYDROXYLAMMONIUM SULPHATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
5.1 Literature Review
5.2 Sample Preparation
5.2.1 Crystal Growth
Fig5.1: Unit cell visualization of LHAS crystal in the a c plane. Unit cell containing 8 molecules.
Fig 5.4: Stereographic projection of the LHAS crystal projected at 100 direction. The possible grown faces are shown
5.2.2 X-ray Powder diffraction pattern of LHAS crystal
5.2.3 Cutting and Polishing
5.3 Measurements of DC Conductivity
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 DC Conductivity in the low temperature region
5.4.2 DC Conductivity in the high temperature region
5.5 Thermogravimetric analysis
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. AC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIELECTRIC AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF LITHIUM HYDROXYLAMMONIUM SULPHATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sample Preparation
6.3 Complex Impedance Analysis of LHAS
6.3.1 Complex Impedance analysis along a-axis
6.3.2 Complex Impedance analysis along c-axis
6.4 Dielectric Analysis
6.4.1 Frequency dependant dielectric spectra along a and c-axes
6.4.2 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region.
6.4.3 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
6.5 Conductivity Analysis
6.5.1 Frequency dependent conductivity spectra along a and c-axes
6.5.2 Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the low temp. region
6.5.3 Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the high temp. region.
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. DC CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF SULFURIC ACID SINGLE CRYSTAL
7.1 Literature Review
7.2 Experimental Details
7.2.1 Crystal Growth
Fig 7.1; Arrangement of eight molecules in the unit cell of Sulphamic acid
Fig 7.2: Morphology of the Sulphamic acid single crystal
Fig 7.3: Photograph of the grown Sulphamic acid crystal. - picture shows the crystal was cut inthe c plane
Fig 7.4 & 7.5: Stereographic projection projected at 100 &001
7.2.2 Cutting and Polishing
7.3 Measurements of DC Conductivity
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 DC Electrical conductivity along a, b, and c-axes in the low temp. region
7.4.2 DC Conductivity in the high temperature region
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. INVESTIGATION OF PHASE TRANSITION IN SULPHAMIC ACID SINGLE CRYSTAL USING AC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC STUDIES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental Details
8.3 Dielectric Analysis
8.3.1 Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region.
8.3.2 Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region.
8.3.3 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
8.3.4 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
8.4 Conductivity Analysis
8.4.1 Frequency dependent conductivity spectra
8.4.2 Temp dependent ac conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
8.4.3 AC conductivity spectra in the high temperature region
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. DC CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF POTASSIUM SULPHATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
9.1 Literature review
9.2 Experimental Details
9.2.1 Crystal Growth
Fig.9.1 Arrangements of molecule in the unit cell.
Fig.9. 2: Morphology of potassium sulphamate crystal
Fig 9.3: Photograph of the grown crystal.
Fig 9.4: Stereographic projection of potassium sulphamate crystal projected at 100
9.2.2 Cutting and Polishing
9.3 Results of DC conductivity in the low temperature region
9.4 Results of DC conductivity in the high temperature region
9.5 Conclusion
Reference
10. INVESTIGATION OF PHASE TRANSITION IN POTASSIUM SULPHAMATE SINGLE CRYSTAL: AC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC STUDIES
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Complex Impedance analysis along a- axis
10.3.2 Complex Impedance analysis along b- axis
10.3.3 Complex Impedance analysis along c- axis
10.4 Dielectric Analysis
10.4.1 Frequency dependant dielectric spectra
10.4.2 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region.
10.4.3 Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region.
10.5 Conductivity Analysis
10.5.1 Frequency dependent conductivity spectra along a, b and c- axes
10.5.2 Temperature dependant Conductivity spectra along a, b and c-axes in the temperature region 243 K- 303K:
10.5.3 Temperature dependant Conductivity spectra along a, b and c-axes in the temperature region 303K-450K
10.6 Conclusion
References
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK