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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF FIGURES
  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.3 Review of Literature
  • 1.4 Objective of the Study
  • 1.5 Hypotheses
  • 1.6 Methodology
  • 1.6.1 Nature of the Study
  • 1.6.2 Data Required
  • 1.6.3 Secondary Data Source
  • 1.6.4 Sampling
  • 1.6.5 Tools for Data Collection
  • 1.6.6 Analysis of Data
  • 1.7 Limitation of the Study
  • 1.8 Chapter Scheme
  • II. PLANTATION CROPS GENERAL NATURE
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Meaning of Plantations
  • 2.2.1 Rubber
  • 2.2.2 Tea
  • 1 2.1 Area Production and productivity of Natural Rubber in kerala
  • 2 2.2 Area Production and productivity of Tea in Kerala
  • 2.2.3 Cardamom
  • 2.3 Form of Organisations
  • 2.3.1 Rubber
  • 3 2.3 Area Production and productivity of Cardamom in Kerala
  • 2.3.2 Tea
  • 4 2.4 Form of Organisation of Rubber Estates
  • 5 2.5 Form of Organisation of Tea Estates
  • 2.3.3 Cardamom
  • 6 2.6 Form of Organisation of Cardamom Estates
  • 2.3.4 Comparison
  • 2.4 Crops Variety
  • 2.4.1 Rubber
  • 7 2.7 Form of Organisation-Comparison
  • 2.4.2 Tea
  • 2.4.3 Cardamom
  • 8 2.8 Variety of Crops of Cardamom in Kerala
  • 2.5 Area under Cultivation
  • 2.5.1 Rubber
  • 1 2.1 Rubber
  • 2.5.2 Tea
  • 2 2.2 Tea
  • 2.5.3 Cardamom
  • 3 2.3 Cardamom
  • 2.6 Planters Association
  • 2.6.1 Rubber
  • 4 2.4 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Rubber
  • 2.6.2 Tea
  • 5 2.5 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Tea Estates
  • 2.6.3 Cardamom
  • 6 2.6 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Cardamom
  • III. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATION
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.1.1 Need for Human Resource Management
  • 3.1.2 Personnel Management: Growth and Function in India
  • 3.1.3 Objectives of Personnel Development
  • 3.2 Human Resource Management in Plantations
  • 3.2.1 Special Features of Plantation Workers
  • 3.2.2 Recruitment System in Plantations
  • 3.3 Analysis
  • 3.3.1 Employment System in Plantations
  • 9 3.1 Employment system in Rubber Estates
  • 10 3.2 Employment system in Tea Plantations
  • 11 3.3 Employment system in Cardamom Plantations
  • 12 3.4 Employment system in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom
  • 3.3.2 Women Employees in Plantations
  • 13 3.5 Women Employment System in Rubber Estates
  • 14 3.6 Women Employment System in Tea Plantations
  • 15 3.7 Women Employment System in Cardamom Plantations
  • 3.3.3 Nature of Work in Plantations
  • 16 3.8 Women Employment System in plantations crops
  • 17 3.9 Nature of work in Rubber Plantations
  • 18 3.10 Nature of work in Tea Plantations
  • 19 3.11 Nature of work in cardamom Plantations
  • 3.3.4 Training
  • 20 3.12 Nature of work in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom Plantations
  • 21 3.13 Training facilities in Rubber Estates
  • 22 3.14 Training facilities in Tea Estates
  • 23 3.15 Training facilities in Cardamom Estates
  • 24 3.16 Training system in Plantations
  • 3.3.5 Supervisory Staff in Plantations
  • 25 3.17 Supervisory Staff in Rubber Estates
  • 26 3.18 Supervisory Staff in Tea Estates
  • 27 3.19 Supervisory Staff in Cardamom Estates
  • 3.3.6 The Personnel Department
  • 28 3.20 Supervisory Staff in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom
  • 3.3.7 Personnel Department in Plantations
  • 29 3.21 Personnel Department structure in Rubber Estates
  • 30 3.22 Personnel Department structure in Tea Estates
  • 31 3.23 Personnel Department structure in Cardamom Estates
  • 32 3.24 Personnel Department structure in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom Estates
  • 3.3.8 Wage policy and Incentive Schemes
  • 33 3.25 Incentive Schemes in Rubber Plantations
  • 34 3.26 Incentive Schemes in Tea Estates
  • 35 3.27 Incentive Schemes in Cardamom Estates
  • 36 3.28 Incentive Schemes in Plantations
  • 3.3.9 Other facilities Benefits in Plantations
  • 37 3.29 Other benefits/ Facilities in Rubber Estates
  • 38 3.30 Other benefits/ Facilities Provided by Tea Plantations
  • 39 3.31 Other benefits/ Facilities in Cardamom Estates
  • 40 3.32 Other benefits/ Facilities in Plantations
  • 3.3.10 Trade unionism
  • 41 3.33 Trade Union Influence in Rubber Estates
  • 42 3.34 Trade Union Influence in Tea Plantations
  • 43 3.35 Trade Union Influence in Cardamom Plantations
  • 44 3.36 Trade union in Plantations
  • 3.3.11 Employees required for Land Preparation
  • 3.3.12 Sources of Employees
  • 45 3.37 Source of Employment in Rubber Estates
  • 46 3.38 Source of Employment in Tea Estates
  • 47 3.39 Source of Employment in Cardamom Estates
  • 48 3.40 Source of Employment system in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 3.3.13 Strike / Labour disputes in Plantations
  • 49 3.41 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other dispute in Rubber Estates
  • 50 3.42 Strike/ Other dispute in Tea Estates
  • 51 3.43 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other Labour dispute in Cardamom Estates
  • 52 3.44 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other dispute in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 3.3.14 Scientific HRM and Productivity
  • 53 3.45 Correlation between HRM and Productivity in Rubber Estates
  • 54 3.46 Correlation between Scientific FIRM and Productivity in Tea Estates
  • 55 3.47 Correlation between FIRM and Productivity in Cardamom Estates
  • 3.3.15 Scientific HRM in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 56 3.48 Scientific Human Resource Management in Plantations
  • IV. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.1.1 Meaning and Objectives of Financial Management
  • 4.1.2 Financial Planning
  • 4.2 Financial Management in Plantations
  • 4.2.1 Need for Financial Assistance in Plantations
  • 4.2.2 Financing Pattern of Plantations
  • 4.2.3 Major Development expenses in Plantations
  • 4.3 Analysis
  • 4.3.1 Capital Employed in Plantations
  • 57 4.1 Capital Employed in Rubber Plantations
  • 58 4.2 Capital pattern in Tea Plantations
  • S9 4.3 Capital pattern in Rubber Plantations
  • 4.3.2 Working Capital System in Plantations
  • 60 4.4 Capital Requirements in Plantations
  • 61 4.5 Working Capital system in Rubber Estates
  • 62 4.6 Working Capital system in Tea Estates
  • 63 4.7 Working Capital Management in Cardamom Estates
  • 4.3.3 Major Investment in Plantations
  • 64 4.8 Working Capital system in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 65 4.9 Investment pattern in rubber Plantations
  • 66 4.10 Major Investments in Tea Plantations
  • 67 4.11 Investment pattern in Cardamom Plantations
  • 4.3.4 Development Schemes and Financial Assistance in Plantations
  • 68 4.12 Investment Pattern in Plantations
  • 69 4.13 Subsidy schemes / assistance in Rubber Plantations
  • 70 4.14 Development Scheme/ Assistance in Tea Plantations
  • 71 4.15 Subsidy schemes/ assistance in Cardamom Plantations
  • 72 4.16 Subsidy schemes/ assistance in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom Plantations
  • 4.3.5 Current Asset Management in Plantations
  • 73 4.17 Current Asset Management System in Rubber Estates
  • 74 4.18 Current Asset Management System in Tea Estates
  • 75 4.19 Current Asset Management System in Cardamom Estates
  • 4.3.6 Financial Department and Financial Manager in Plantations
  • 76 4.20 Current Asset Management System in Plantations
  • 77 4.21 Financial Department structure in Rubber Plantations
  • 78 4.22 Financial Department structure in Tea Plantations
  • 79 4.23 Financial Department structure in Cardamom Plantations
  • 4.3.7 Scientific Financial Management and Productivity
  • 80 4.24 Financial Department structure in Plantations
  • 81 4.25 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Rubber estates
  • 82 4.26 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Tea estates
  • 83 4.27 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Cardamom estates
  • 4.3.8 Scientific Financial Management in Plantations
  • 84 4.28 Scientific Financial Management in Plantations
  • V. MARKETING MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Modern Marketing Concept
  • 5.3 Market, Marketing and Marketing Management
  • 5.3.1 Market
  • 5.3.2 Marketing
  • 5.3.3 Marketing Management
  • 5.4 Functions of Marketing
  • 5.5 Marketing Management in Plantations
  • 5.6 Analysis
  • 5.6.1 Selling Forms of the Plantations Crops
  • 85 5.1 Selling form of Rubber
  • 86 5.2 Selling form of Tea
  • 87 5.3 Selling form of Cardamom
  • 88 5.4 Selling form in Plantations
  • 5.6.2 Selling Pattern in Plantations
  • 89 5.5 Selling Pattern in Rubber Plantations
  • 90 5.6 Selling Pattern in Tea Plantations
  • 91 5.7 Selling Pattern in Cardamom Plantations
  • 92 5.8 Selling Pattern in Plantations
  • 5.6.3 Annual Sales in Plantations
  • 93 5.9 Annual Sales in Rubber Plantations
  • 94 5.10 Annual Sales in Tea Plantations
  • 95 5.11 Annual Sales in Cardamom Plantations
  • 5.6.4 Advertising
  • 96 5.12 Annual Sales in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 97 5.13 Advertisement in Rubber Plantations
  • 98 5.14 Advertisement system in Tea Estates
  • 99 5.15 Advertisement system in Cardamom Estates
  • 100 5.16 Advertisement system in Plantations
  • 5.6.5 Marketing Department in Plantations
  • 101 5.17 Marketing Department in Rubber Estates
  • 102 5.18 Marketing Department in Tea Estates
  • 103 5.19 Marketing Department in Cardamom
  • 5.6.6 Export Trade
  • 104 5.20 Marketing Department Structure in Plantations
  • 105 5.21 Export in Rubber Estates
  • 106 5.22 Export in Tea Estate
  • 107 5.23 Export in Plantations
  • 5.6.7 Scientific Marketing Management and Productivity in Plantations
  • 108 5.24 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Rubber Estates
  • 109 5.25 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Tea Estates
  • 110 5.26 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Cardamom Estates
  • 5.6.8 Scientific Marketing Management in Plantations
  • 111 5.27 Scientific Marketing, Management in Plantations
  • VI. CROP MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Rubber
  • 6.2.1 Propagation
  • 6.2.2 Bud Grafting
  • 6.2.3 Tissue Culture
  • 6.2.4 Cover Crop
  • 6.2.5 Tapping
  • 6.2.6 Weed Control
  • 6.2.7. Weed Control
  • 6.3 Tea
  • 6.3.1 Nature and Speciality of Tea Pants
  • 6.3.2 Shade
  • 6.3.3 Tea Plucking
  • 6.3.4 Methods of Leaf plucking
  • 6.3.5 Seed Collection and Selection
  • 6.3.6 Planning Distance
  • 6.3.7 Mulching
  • 6.3.8 Training
  • 6.4 Cardamom
  • 6.4.1 Propagation
  • 6.4.2 Planting Management
  • 6.4.3 Planting
  • 6.4.4 Weed Control
  • 6.4.5 Irrigation
  • 6.4.6 Trashing
  • 6.5. Analysis
  • 6.5.1 Production and Productivity
  • 112 6.1 Annual Production of Rubber Estates
  • 113 6.2 Annual Production and Productivity of Tea Plantations
  • 114 6.3 Annual Production and Productivity of Cardamom Plantations
  • 115 6.4 Production and Productivity of Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 6.5.2 Nurseries in Plantations
  • 116 6.5 Nurseries in Rubber Plantations
  • 117 6.6 Nurseries in Tea Plantations
  • 118 6.7 Nurseries in Cardamom Plantations
  • 6.5.3 Replanting Duration
  • 119 6.8 Nursery System in Plantations
  • 120 6.9 Life span of Rubber Plantations
  • 121 6.10 Life span of Tea Plants
  • 122 6.11 Life span of Cardamom
  • 123 6.12 Life span of Plantations
  • 6.5.4 New Planting
  • 124 6.13 New Planting Rubber Estates
  • 125 6.14 New Planting Tea Estates
  • 126 6.15 New plantations in Cardamom
  • 127 6.16 New Plantations in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
  • 6.5.5 Fertiliser Requirements
  • 6.5.6 Major Disease.
  • 128 6.17 Disease influence in Rubber Estates
  • 129 6.18 Disease influence in Tea Estates
  • 130 6.19 Disease influence in Cardamom Plantations
  • 6.5.7 Soil and Climatic Conditions
  • 6.5.8 Planting Methods
  • 131 6.20 Methods of Planting in Rubber Plantations
  • 132 6.21 Planting Methods in Cardamom Plantations
  • 6.5.9 Water Management System Plantations
  • 133 6.22 Water Management System in Rubber Estates
  • 134 6.23 Water Management System in Tea Estates
  • 135 6.24 Water Management System in Cardamom Plantations
  • 136 6.25 Water Management System in Plantations
  • 6.5.10 Disease Management System in Plantations
  • 137 6.26 Disease Management System in Rubber Plantations
  • 138 6.27 Disease Management System in Tea Plantations
  • 139 6.28 Disease Management System in Cardamom Plantation,
  • 140 6.29 Disease Management System in Plantations
  • 6.5.11 Scientific Crop Management in Plantations
  • 141 6.30 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Rubber Estates
  • 142 6.31 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Tea Estates
  • 143 6.32 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Cardamom Estates
  • 6.5.12 Scientific Crop Management in Plantations
  • 144 6.33 Scientific crop Management in Plantations
  • VII. CONCLUSION
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Plantation Crops-general Nature
  • 7.3 Human Resource Management
  • 7.4 Financial Management
  • 7.5 Marketing Management
  • 7.6 Crop Management
  • 7.7 Suggestions
  • 7.8 Conclusion
  • REFERENCE LIST
  • APPENDIX I Questionnaire for Collecting Information From Planters / Owners of the Estates
  • APPENDIX 2A Questionnaire for Collecting Information From Employee / supervisory Staff of Tea Estate Relating to the Present Crisis
  • APPENDIX 2B Present Crisis of Tea Plantations in Kerala
  • APPENDIX 2C Interview with the Manager-Lonetree Estate, Cheenthalar Group, Peermade Tea Company, Ealappara
  • APPENDIX 3 Multiple Regression Results
  • APPENDIX 4 Sample List