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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
  • 1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1. Reinforcement
  • 1.1 Reinforcement of rubbers with particulate fillers
  • 1.1.1 Particle size / surface area
  • 1.1.2 Specific surface activity / chemical composition
  • 1.1.3 Structure and aggregation / porosity
  • 1.2 Particulate fillers
  • 1.2.1 Carbon black
  • 1.2.2 Non-black fillers
  • 1.2.2.1 Silica
  • 1.3 Filler surface activity
  • 1.4 Filler surface modification
  • 1.4.1 Carbon black-surface modification and characterization
  • 1.4.2 Silica-surface modification and characterization
  • 1.4.2.1 Silanes as silica surface modifier
  • 1.5 Rubber reinforcement
  • 1.5.1 Reinforcement mechanism
  • 1.5.2 Physical and chemical interactions at the filler surface
  • 1.5.3 State of the filler in the rubber mix
  • 1.5.4 State of rubber in the filled composite
  • 1.5.5 Rubber-filler interaction
  • 1.5.6 Effect of filler on processability of rubber compounds
  • 1.5.7 Effect of filler on cure behaviour and cross link formation
  • 1.5.8 Effect of filler on vulcanizate properties
  • 1.5.8.1 Failure properties
  • 1.5.8.2 Dynamic mechanical properties
  • 1.5.8.3 Swelling behaviour
  • 1.6 Silica reinforcement of rubbers
  • 1.6.1 Silica as a filler in rubber- compounding aspects
  • 1.6.2 Silane modification in silica filled rubbers
  • 1.6.3 Silica reinforcement of non-polar rubbers
  • 1.6.4 Silica reinforcement of polar elastomers
  • 1.7 Epoxidised natural rubber
  • 1.7.1 Preparation and properties
  • 1.7.2 Silica reinforcement of ENR
  • 1.7.3 Blending of ENR with other elastomers
  • 1.8 Carbon black and silica / silane in the tyre industry
  • 1.9 Carbon-silica dual phase filler for tyre industry
  • 1.10 Objective and scope of the present work
  • References
  • 2 EXPERIMENTAL
  • 2.1 Materials
  • 2.1.1 Rubbers
  • 2.1.2 Fillers
  • 2.1.3 Coupling agent
  • 2.1.4 Solvent
  • 2.1.5 Other chemicals
  • 2.2 Processing
  • 2.2.1 Mastication / Blending
  • 2.2.2 Mixing of rubber compounds
  • 2.2.3 Mixing in Rheocord
  • 2.3 Moulding and Testing
  • 2.3.1 Mooney viscosity
  • 2.3.2 Bound rubber
  • 2.3.3 Vulcanization
  • 2.3.4 Cure characteristics
  • 2.3.5 Physical testing
  • References
  • 3 ENR AS A REINFORCEMENT MODIFIER FOR SILICA FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Experimental
  • 3.2.1 Materials
  • 3.2.2 Mixing of rubber compounds
  • 3.2.3 Testing
  • 3.3 Results and Discussion
  • 3.3.1 ENR 50 as reinforcement modifier - effect on cure characteristics and vulcanizate properties
  • 3.3.2 Effects of varying epoxy concentration on compound and vulcanizate properties
  • 3.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA FILLED NR MODIFIED WITH ENR
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Experimental
  • 4.2.1 Materials
  • 4.2.2 Testing
  • 4.3 Results and Discussion
  • 4.3.1 Viscoelastic properties
  • 4.3.2 Viscoelastic properties of silica filled NR and its modified forms
  • 4.3.3 Miscibility of NR / ENR blends
  • 4.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 5 MIXING, BOUND RUBBER AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NR-SILICA COMPOSITES
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Experimental
  • 5.2.1 Materials
  • 5.2.2 Mixing of rubber-filler composites
  • 5.2.3 Testing of samples
  • 5.3 Results and Discussion
  • 5.3.1 Mixing
  • 5.3.2 Bound rubber
  • 5.3.3 Rheological studies
  • 5.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 6 STUDIES ON PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION OF SILICA-FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND ITS MODIFIED SYSTEMS- EFFECT OF FILLER LOADING
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Experimental
  • 6.2.1 Materials
  • 6.2.2 Mix recipes
  • 6.2.3 Mixing of compounds and moulding
  • 6.2.4 Testing of samples
  • 6.3 Results and Discussion
  • 6.3.1 Mixing temperature and compound viscosity
  • 6.3.2 Cure characteristics
  • 6.3.3 Vulcanizate properties
  • 6.3.4 Equilibrium swelling studies
  • 6.3.5 Dynamic mechanical analysis
  • 6.3.6 Scanning electron microscopy
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 7 REINFORCEMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF SULPHUR VULCANIZED SILICA FILLED NATURAL RUBBER-ROLE OF MODIFIERS
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Experimental
  • 7.2.1 Materials
  • 7.2.2 Compound recipes
  • 7.2.3 Mixing of compounds and molding
  • 7.2.4 Testing of samples
  • 7.3 Results and Discussion
  • 7.3.1 Compound viscosity
  • 7.3.2 Cure characteristics
  • 7.3.3 Vulcanizate properties
  • 7.3.4 Equilibrium swelling studies
  • 7.3.5 Dynamic mechanical analysis
  • 7.3.6 Stress relaxation studies
  • 7.3.7 Thermo gravimetric analysis
  • 7.3.8 Differential scanning calorimetry
  • 7.3.9 Scanning electron microscopy
  • 7.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 8 EPOXIDISED NATURAL RUBBER AS A REINFORCEMENT MODIFIER FOR SILICA FILLED NITRILE RUBBER
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Experimental
  • 8.2.1 Materials
  • 8.2.2 Preparation of compounds
  • 8.2.3 Testing
  • 8.3 Results and Discussion
  • 8.3.1. Cure characteristics
  • 8.3.2 Bound rubber
  • 8.3.3 Vulcanizate properties
  • 8.3.4 Dynamic mechanical analysis
  • 8.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 ENR as a reinforcement modifier in rubbers
  • 9.3 ENR as a reinforcement modifier in silica filled natural rubber
  • 9.4 Dynamic mechanical properties of silica filled NR modified with ENR
  • 9.5 Mixing, bound rubber and rheological characterization of NR-Silica composites
  • 9.6 Effect of filler loading on peroxide vulcanization of silica filled NR
  • 9.7 Reinforcement characterization of sulphur vulcanized silica filled NR- Role of modifiers
  • 9.8 ENR as a reinforcement modifier for silica filled nitrile rubber
  • 9.9 Scope for future work
  • 9.10 Conclusions
  • APPENDIX