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Full Screen- TITLE
- DEDICATION
- CERTIFICATE
- DECLARATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- ABSTRACT
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 2.1. Autecology
- 2.1.1. Identifiation and preservation of specimens
- 2.1.2 Distribution
- 2.1.3. Phenology
- 2.1.4. Associates
- 2.1.5 Geology of the study area
- 2.1.6 Chemical assessment of water
- 2.2 Reproductive Biology
- 2.2.1 Morphology of floral parts
- 2.2.2 Palynology
- 2.2.3 Pistil
- 2.2.4 Pollen ovule ratio
- 2.2.5 Fruit and seed rnorpbology
- Collection List of Taxa Under Study
- 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- 3.1 Review of Literature
- 3.1.1. Collection, Preservation and Identification
- 3.1.2 Distribution
- 3.1.3 Phenology
- 3.1.4 Associates
- 3.1.5 Geology of the study area
- 3.1.6 Chemical assessment of water
- 3.2 Reproductive biology
- 3.2.1 Palynology
- 3.2.2. Seeds
- 3.3 Habitat loss of Podostemaceae
- 4. OBSERVATIONS
- 4.1 Autecology
- 4.1.1 Identification of specimens
- 4.1.2 Distribution
- 4.1.3 Phenology
- Graph I Phenologic Pattern of Podostemacec
- 4.1.4 Associates
- GEOLOGICAL MAP OF KERALA
- 4.1.5 Geology of the study area
- 4.1.6 Chemical assessment of water
- 4.2. Reproductive Biology
- 4.2.1 Morphology of floral parts
- 4.2.2 Palynology
- Fig. II Dalzellia zeylanica (Gardn.) Wight
- Fig. III Indotristicha ramosissima (Wt.) van Royen
- Fig. Vl Farmeria indica (Willis) Arekal & Nag.Maferria Sp.
- Fig. VI Cladopus hookerianus
- 4.2.3 Ovule number
- 4.2.4 Pollen ovule ratio
- 4.2.5 Fruit and seed morphology
- Morphological standards of fruits
- Fruit SEM
- TABLE V: DATA OF WATER CHEMISTRY OF DIFFERENT COLLECTION SPOTS IN VARIOUS SEASONS
- PLATE I A. Podostemaceae in a natural habitat-Zeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl
- PLATE II A. Vegetative thglus of fodostemaceaein different coloures
- a) Dalzallia zeylanica (Gardn) Wt.
- b) Indotristicha and Polypleurum very young
- PLATE III A. Thallus on different substrata
- a. On a rock - Dalzallia zeylanica
- b. On a log - Zeylanidium lichenoisdes
- PLATE IV A. Dry thallus on rocks
- a. lndotristicha ramosissima (Wt) van Royen on rocks and in water
- b. Zeylanidium lichenoides - (Kurz) Engl
- PLATE V A. & B lndotristicha ramosissima (Wt.) van Royen thallus showing eutrophcation
- PLATE VI
- A. Oedogonium showing cap cells 20x
- B. Spirogyra filament, Chlamydomonas 20x
- C. Diatoms 20x
- D. Scenedesmus 2Ox
- E. Scenedesmus and Cymbella 20x
- F. Spirqyra filament 20x
- PLATE VII Animal forms of associated
- A. Psephenidae Ap.
- B. Pyrrocoridae Plecoptera Sp.
- C. Coleoptera Sp.
- PLATE VIII A. Podostemaceae Pollen
- a. Indqtristicha ramosissima (Wt.) van Royen
- b. Dalzallia zeylanica
- c. Zeylanidiulmic henoides (Kurz) Engl. (300 x)
- d. Podnskmum subulatum (3000 x)
- e. Polepleurum stylosm (Wt.) Hallk (3000 x)
- PLATE IX
- A. Dalzallia zeylanica (Gardn.) Wt.-Fruit entire showing seedmass inside 45x
- B. Dalzallia zeylanica (Gardn.) Wt.- Surface enlarged 200x
- C. DalzaNia gracilis-Fruit surface enlarged 200x.
- D. Dalzallia gracilis-Fruit surface enlarged 200x
- E. Indoiristicha ramosissima (Wt.) van Royen.-Fruit wall broken. 50x
- I. Indoiristicha ramosissima (wt.) van Royen-Fruit surface enlarged. 200x
- PLATE X Photomicrographs of Fruits (Fig.A.F)
- A. Podosremum subulatum. Gardn.-Broken fruit with seedmass. (40)
- B. P. subulatum. Gardn.-Fruit surface enlarged (200x)
- C. Polypleurum Sp.-Fruit entire (35x)
- D. Polypleurum Sp.-Fruit surface enlarged (200~)
- E. Polypleurum stylosum-Fruit (40x)
- F. Polypleurum stylosum.-Fruit surface enlarged (200x)
- PLATE XI Photomicrographs of Fruit (Fig. A-F)
- A. Z maheswarii fruit surface enlarged (300~)
- B. Podostemumm unnarense.-Fruit wall surface enlarged. (200x)
- C. P.munnurense - Seed mass enlarged. (200x)
- D. Zeylanidium maheswarii - Broken Fruit wall
- E. Ze.ylanidium maheswarii Mathew & Satheesh Fruit. (70x)
- F. Podostemum munnarense.-Broken fruit showing seedmass. (35~)
- PLATE XII
- A. Cladopus hookrianus-Fruit enlarged. (Sox)
- B. Cladopus hookrianus-Fruit surface enlarged 500x
- C. Hydrohiyopsis sessils.-Fruit entire 45x
- D. Hydrobtyopsis sessilis.500x
- E. Mafirria indica-Fruit. (200x)
- F. Maferria indica-Fruit surface enlarged. lOOOx
- PLATE XIII Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm. Ex Willis.
- A. Fruit entire. (24 x)
- B. Fruit surface enlarged. (200x)
- C. Fruit entire. (55x)
- D. Fruit surface enlarged (200x)
- PLATE XIV Tristichoideae seeds on hydration. (20x)
- A. Dalzallia zeylanica (Gardn.) Wt.- seed
- B. Dalzallia zeylanica (Gardn.) Wt.-seed showing on hydration. (20x)
- C. Indotristichara mosissima (Wt.) - hydrated seed. (20x)
- D. Dalzallia gracilis-hydrated seed. (20x1
- PLATE XV Podostemoideae seeds on hydration.
- A. Cladopus hookerianus - seed. (20x)
- B. Cladopus hookerianus - seed with outer integument spread on hydration. (20x)
- C. Polvpleurum siylosum (Wt.) Hall - seed with outer integument spread onhydration. (20x)
- D. Podostemum munnarense (Nag. & Arekal) Mathew & Satheesh - seed with outerintegument spread on hydration. (20x)
- PLATE XVI
- A. Podostemum subulafum Gardn. - seed with outer integument spread onhydration. (20x)
- B. Hydrobyopsis sessilis (Willis) Engl.- seed with outer integument spread onhydration. (20x)
- C. Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm.ex Willis - Seed mass SEM
- D. Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm.ex Willis -seed with outer integument spread -on hydration. (20x)
- 5. DISCUSSION
- 5.1 Distribution
- 5.1.2 Altitude wise distribution
- 5.1.3 Phenology
- 5.1.4 Associates
- 5.1.5 Geology of the study area
- 5.1.6 Chemical assessment of water
- 5.2 Reproductive Biology
- 5.2.3 Palynology
- 5.2.4 Pollen ovule ratio
- 5.2.5 Fruit and seed morphology
- SUMMARY
- Dalzellia zeylaniea (Gardn.) Wight.
- Indotristicha ramossima van Royen
- Polypleurum Spp.
- Podostemrim srrbulatum Gardn
- Zeylanidium (Tul) Engler
- Hydrobryopsis sissilis (Willis.) Engl.
- Far maria metzgerioides
- Maferria indica
- Willisia selaginoides
- 6. REFERENCES