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  • Title
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • Preface
  • Publications
  • 1 Brief review of the electrical, optical and structural studies in phthalocyanines
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Organic semiconductors
  • 1.3 Molecular structure
  • 1.4 Electrical studies
  • 1.5 Optical studies
  • 1.6 Structural studies
  • References
  • 2 Apparatus and experimental techniques used in the present study
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Methods of preparation of thin films
  • 2.3 Thermal evaporation technique
  • 2.4 Effect of residual gases
  • 2.5 Effect of vapour beam intensity
  • 2.6 Effect of substrate surface
  • 2.7 Effect of evaporation rate
  • 2.8 Contamination from vapour source
  • 2.9 Purity of the evaporating materials
  • 2.10 Production of vacuum
  • 2.11 Oil sealed rotary pump
  • 2.12 Diffusion pump
  • 2.13 Vacuum coating unit
  • Fig. 2.13.4 Photograph of the coating unit along with the accessories
  • 2.14 Preparation of films
  • 2.15 Substrate cleaning
  • 2.16 Substrate heater
  • 2.17 Sample annealing
  • Fig. 2.17.2 Photograph of the annealing furnace and controller cum recorder set up
  • 2.18 Thickness measurement
  • 2.19 Tolanskys multiple beam interference technique
  • 2.20 Conductivity cell
  • 2.21 Keithley programmable electrometer 617
  • Fig. 2.21.3 Photograph of the electrical conductivity experimental set up
  • 2.22 UV-visible spectrophotometer
  • Fig. 2.22.3 Photograph of the Shimadzu 160A spectrophotometer
  • 2.23 X-ray diffractometer
  • Fig. 2.23.2 Photograph of the XD 610 diffractometer
  • References
  • 3 Electrical studies in metal-free phthalocyanine, nickel phthalocyanine and europium phthalocyanine thin films
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Theory
  • 3.3 Experiment
  • 3.4 Results and discussion
  • 3.4.1 Dependence of film thickness
  • 3.4.2 Dependence of substrate temperature
  • 3.4.3 Dependence of air-annealing
  • 3.4.4 Dependence of vacuum annealing
  • 3.4.5 Conductivity studies on sandwich structures of H2Pc
  • 3.4.6 Conductivity studies on sandwich structures of NiPc
  • 3.4.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • 4 Optical studies in metal-free phthalocyanine, nickel phthalocyanine and europium phthalocyanine thin films
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Theory
  • 4.3 Experiment
  • 4.4 Results and discussion
  • 4.5 Summary and conclusion
  • References
  • 5 X-ray diffraction studies on metal-free phthalocyanine, nickel phthalocyanine and europium phthalocyanine thin films
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Theory
  • 5.3 Experiment
  • 5.4 Results and discussion
  • 5.5 Summary and conclusion
  • References
  • 6 Summary and conclusion