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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of the study
1.2 About the Sanctuary
Fig.1 Map of Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
1.2.1 History
1.3 Management practices in the sanctuary
1.4 Flora and Fauna of the sanctuary
1.4.1 Vegetation
1.4.2 Fauna
1.5 Study Period
1.6 Study Area
1.6.1 Natural Habitat
Fig. 2 Map of the study area showing sample plots
1.6.2 Fragile ecosystem Habitat
1.7 Water inflow system
Fig. 3 Diagrammatic representation ot the study area
1.8 Climatic profile
1.9 Weather Profile
1.9.1 Temperature
Table 1: Average Maximum-Minimum Temperature In Degree Celsius
1.9.2 Relative Humidity
Table 2: Average Relative Humidity
1.9.3 Rainfall
Table 3: Total Average Rainfall and Number of Rainy Days
Plate 1 Study area under normal condition
Plate 2 Ecofriendly check dam
Plate 3 Fragile Ecosystem Habitat (F) during drainage of water in the main reservoir
Plate 4 Natural Habitat (NH) after drainage of water
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Wetlands
2.1.1 Wetland management
2.2 Physico-chemical properties of wetlands
2.3 Aquatic macrophytes
2.4 Aquatic macroinvertebrates
2.5 Fish fauna
2.6 Avifauna
2.6.1 Avifauna of Kerala
III. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Dissolved oxygen
3.3.2 Water temperature
3.3.3 Hydrogen ion concentration
3.3.4 Water depth
3.4 Discussion
IV. AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Aquatic macrophytes of the study area
4.3.1 Free floating macrophytes
4.3.2 Submerged macrophytes
4.3.3 Marshy vegetation
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Natural habitat
4.4.2 Fragile ecosystem habitat
4.5 Species composition of Natural Habitat
4.6 Species composition of Fragile ecosystem Habitat
4.7 Discussion
Plate 5 Quadrate Sampling
Plate 6 Floating Vegetation
Plate 7 Floating, submerged and marshy vegetations of the study area
Plate 8 Rhynchospora coyrnbosa invaded study area
V. AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.3 Result
5.3.1 Natural Habitat
5.3.1.1 Biomass
5.3.2 Fragile ecosystem Habitat
5.3.2.1 Biomass
5.3.3 Seasonality and abundance of aquatic macro invertebrates in the study area
5.4 Discussion
VI. FISH FAUNA
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.2.1 Methods employed in the study
Visual counts (Bank side counts)
Cast netting
Gill netting
Hand held scoop nets
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Natural habitat
6.3.2 Fragile ecosystem habitat
6.3.3 Population of fish young one:
6.4 Discussion
Plate 9 Effect of drainage of water
Plate 10 Upstream migration of Parfuciosoma daniconius during drainage of water
VII. AVIFAUNA
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Water Birds (Aquatic avifauna)
7.3.1.1 Natural habitat
7.3.1.2 Fragile ecosystem habitat
7.3.1.3 Population and habitat utilization of aquatic avifauna in the study area
Table 7 Comparison of population percentage of aquatic birds in the study area.
7.3.1.4 Species diversity of aquatic birds
Table 8 Species diversity of aquatic birds in the study area
7.3.2 Land birds
7.3.2.1 Natural habitat
7.3.2.2 Fragile ecosystem habitat
7.3.2.3 Habitat utilization of land birds
7.4 Discussion
Plate 11 Egrets in the study area
Plate 12 Lesser Whistling Teals in flight
Plate 13 Migratory Terns
Plate 14 Openbill Stork
Plate 15 Darter
Plate 16 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater
VIII. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Summary and conclusion
8.2 Management issues and recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. Average biomass of Aquatic Macrophytes from Natural Habitat
APPENDIX 2. Average Biomass of Aquatic Macrophytg from Fragile Habitat
APPENDIX 3A. Water Bird Census 2000-2001
APPENDIX 3B. Water Bird Census 2001-2002
APPENDIX 4A. Land Bird Census 2000-2001
APPENDIX 4B. Land Bird Census 2001-2002
APPENDIX 5. Check List of Plants in the Study Area
APPENDIX 6. Checklist of Fish Fauna of Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and its Adjascent Areas
APPENDIX 7. Checklist of Birds in Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
APPENDIX 8. Correlations - Natural Habitat - 2000-2002
APPENDIX 9. Correlations - Fragile Habitat - 2000-2002