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TITLE
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
1. Introduction and review of related literature
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Review of related literature
1.2.1 The liver - its structure and function
1.2.1.a. The structure of liver
1.2.1.b Liver functions
1.2.2 Liver disorders caused by drugs and toxins
1.2.3 Hepatic drug metabolism
1.2.4 Carbon tetrachloride toxicity
1.2.5 Hepatotoxicants - an overview
Table 1.1 Hepatotoxicants and their mode of action
1.2.6 Plants with hepatoprotective efficacy - a birds eye view
Table 1.2 Hepatoprotectant plants and their parts used
1.2.7 A glimpse on hepatoprotectant herbal formulations
Table 1.3 Hepatoprotectant herbal formulations and their proven activities
1.2.8 Other hepatoprotectants
1.2.9 The plants under investigation
1.2.9a Coscinium fenestratum
PLATE 1.2 (a) Coscinium fenestratum (b) Stem part of C. fenestratum
PLATE 1.3 (a) Curculigo orchiodes b. Rhizomes of C.orchioides
1.2.9.b Curculigo orchioides
1.2.10 About the thesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Plant materials
2.1a Coscinium fenestratum
2.1b Curculigo orchioides
2.2 Experimental animals
2.3 Chemicals
2.4 Instruments used
2.5 Experimental design
2.5.1 Induction of hepatopathy
2.5.2 Preliminary evaluation of anti-hepatotoxic effect of extracts of
2.5.3 Preliminary evaluation of anti-hepatotoxic effect of extracts of
2.5.4 Hepatoprotective effect of C. fenestratum - a dose dependentstudy with methanol extract
2.5.5 Hepatoprotective effect of C orchioides - a dose dependentstudy with methanol extract
2.5.6 Hepatoprotective efficacy of C. fenestratum - a detailed study.
2.5.7 Hepatoprotective efficacy of C. orchioides -- a detailed study.
2.5.8 Antioxidant effect of C. fenestratum
2.5.9 Antioxidant effect of C. orchioides
2.6 Collection of serum and tissue samples
2.7 Biochemical tests
2.8 Histopathology
2.9 Statistical analysis
2.10 Percentage of hepatoprotection.
2.11 Procedure for biochemical tests
3. Anti-hepatotoxic efficacy of Coscinium fenestratum and Curculigo orchioides
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Plant materials
3.2.2 Experimental animals
3.2.3 Experimental design
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Food consumption and weight gain
3.1 Mean food consumption (grams) per 100 gram body weight of ratsadministered C. fenestmtum
3.2 Mean food consumption (grams) per 100 gram body weight of ratsadministered C. orclrioicles
3.3 Effect of C. fenestrafum on body weight in rats
3.4 Effect of C: orchioides on body weight in rats.
3.3.2 Activities of liver marker enzymes
3.5 Effect of C.fmestrotum extracts (75 mg / kg bw) on the activities of livermarker enzymes in the serum of rats
3.6 Effect of C. orctrioih extracts (75 mg / kg bw) on the activities of liver marker enzymes
3.7 Effect of different doses of MECF on the activities of liver marker enzymes
3.8 Effect of different doses of MECO on the activities of liver marker enzymes
3.9 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by different doses of MECF
3.10 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by different doses of MECO
3.33 Other biochemical constituents
3.11 Effect of MECF on biochemical parameters in the serum of rats
3.12 Effect of MECF on biuchemical parameters in the liver of rats
3.13 Effect of MECF on biochemical parameters in the kidney of rats
3.14 Effect of MECO on biochemical parameters in the serum of rats
3.15 Effect of MECO on biochemical parameters in the liver of rats
3.16 Effect of MECO on biochemical parameters in the kidney of rats
3.17 Percentage hepatoprotection offered by MECF in respect of different biochemical constituents in the serum /liver/ kidney of rats
3.18 Percentage hepatoprotection offered by MECO in respect of different biochemical constituents in serum / liver / kidney of rats
PLATE 3.1 Photomicrographs of liver sections of CC14- treated rat stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin (X 100)
PLATE 3.2 Photomicrographs of liver sections of rat stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin (X 100)
PLATE 3.3 Photomicrographs of liver sections of rat stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin (X 100)
3.3.4 Histopathology
4. Antioxidant activity of Coscinium fenestratum and Curculigo orchioides in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatopathy in rats
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Plant materials
4.2.2 Experimental animals
4.2.3 Experimental design
4.3 Results
4.3.1 TEARS, CD and GSH contents
4. I Effect of C. fenestratum on the antioxidant status of liver in rats
4.2 Effect of C. feneshatum on the antioxidant status of kidney in rats
4.3 Effect of C. orc11ioidr.s on the antioxidant status of liver in rats
4.4 Effect of C. orchioides on the antioxidant status of kidney in rats
4.3.2 Antioxidant enzymes
4.5 Effect of MECF on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rats
4.6 Effect of MECF on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney of rats
4.7 Effect of MECO on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rats
4.8 Effect of MECO on thc activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney ofrats
4.3.3 Activities of LDH and G-6-PD
4.9 Effect of MECF on the activities of LDH and G-6-PD
4.10 Effect of MECO on the activities of LDH and G-6-PD
4.4 Discussion
5. Isolation, purification and characterization of hepatoprotective principle from Coscinium fenestratum
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and methods
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Spectroscopic study
5.3.2 Berberine
5.3.3 Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of berberine from
5.1 Effect of the purified compound from C.fenestratum on the activities of liver marker enzymes.
5.2 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by the purified sample in respect of marker enzymes
5.3 Effect of the purified compound from C. fenestratum on the activities of antioxidant enzymes
5.4 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by the purified sample in respect of antioxidant enzymes
Fig. 5.1 IR spectrum of the purified compound
Fig. 5 2 Mass spectrum of the purified compound
Fig. 5.3 UV spectrum of the purified compound
Fig. 5.4 H NMR spectrum of the purified compound
Fig. 5.5
6. General Discussion
Fig.6.1 Overall hepatoprotection by powdered Coscinium fenestraturn stem and Curculigo orchioides rhizomes.
Fig.6.2 Overall hepatoprotection by different extracts of C. fenestratum and C.orchioides
Fig.6.3 Percentage of hepatoprotection by different doses of MECF in respect of liver marker enzymes
Fig.6.4 Percentage of hepato protection by different doses of MECO in respect of liver marker enzymes
Fig.6.5 Overall hepatoprotection shown by MECF (60 mg / kg) and MECO (70 mg 1 kg) with respect to different biochemica! parameters in serum
Fig.6.6 Overall hepatoprotection shown by MECF (60 mg / kg) and MECO (70 rng / kg) with respect to different biochemical parameters in liver.
Fig.6.7 Overall hepatuprotection shown by MECF (60 mg / kg) and MECO (70 mg / kg) with respect to different biochemical parameters in kidney.
Fig.6.8 Overall hepatoprotection by MECF and MECO in respect of antioxidant parameters in the liver of rats.
Fig.6.9 Overall hepatoprotection by MECF and MECO in respect of antioxidant parameters in the kidney of rats.
Fig. 6.10 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by MECF and MECO in respect of activities of G-6-PD (in liver) and LDH (in serum)
Fig.6.11 Percentage of hepatoprotection offered by the purified compound from C.fenestratum in respect of different parameters.
Significance and the future prospects
7. Summary
References
List of Papers published / accepted for publication / communicated