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  • Title
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • List of Tables
  • List of Figures
  • List of Appendices
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1 1.1 Comparison-of Health Statistics
  • 1.1. Need for the study
  • 1.2. Statement of the problem
  • 1.3. Major Objective
  • 1.3.1. Specific Objectives
  • 1.4. Hypotheses
  • 1.5. Methodology in Brief
  • 1.5.1. Sample
  • 1.5.2. Variables
  • 1.5.3. Tools
  • 1.5.4. Procedure adopted
  • 1.5.5. Statistical Techniques used
  • 1.6. Limitations of the Study
  • 1.7. Organisation of the report
  • 2. Review of Literature
  • 2.1. Health Psychology
  • 2.1.1. Historical background
  • 2.1.2. Emergence of health psychology
  • 2.2. Structure and functions of cardiovascular system
  • 2.2.1. Diseases of the cardiovascular system
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Angina
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hypertension
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Endocarditis
  • Pericarditis
  • 2.3. Studies related to cardiovascular diseases
  • 2.3.1. Cardiac surgery
  • 2.3.2. Essential hypertension
  • 2.3.3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • 2.3.4. Arrhythmia
  • 2.3.5. Other relevant studies
  • 2.4. Conclusion
  • 3. Methodology
  • 3.1. Sample
  • 3.1.1. Age
  • 2 3.1 Distribution of the sample with regard to age
  • 3.1.2. Sex, religion and place of residence wise classification of the subjects
  • 3 3.2 Distribution of the sample with regard to sex, religion and place of residence
  • 3.1.3. Soci-economic status wise classification of the subjects (SES)
  • 3.2. Tools and variables
  • 4 3.3 Distribution of the sample with regard to socio-economic status
  • 3.2.1. Personal Data Schedule
  • 3.2.2. Stress inventory - Tool development
  • 3.2.3. Type A behaviour scale - Tool development
  • 3.2.4. Depression inventory - Tool development
  • 3.2.5. State trait personality inventory (Malayalam)
  • 5 3.4 The correlation values of the original and adapted version of the STPI
  • 6 3.5 The correlation values of the original and adapted version of the STPI
  • 3.2.6. Personality inventory
  • 3.2.7. Generalised T scale
  • 3.2.8. Self esteem inventory
  • 3.3. Procedure adopted
  • 3.4. Consolidation of data
  • 3.5. Statistical technique used for analysis
  • 3.5.1. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
  • 3.5.2. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA)
  • 3.5.3. Scheffe procedure
  • 3.5.4. Discriminant Analysis
  • 3.5.5. Chi-square
  • 3.6. Method of analysis
  • 4. Result and Discussion
  • 4.1. Result and discussion of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
  • 7 4.1 Multivariate tests of significance (S=2, M=9, N=2371/2) for the three group
  • 8 4.2 Multivariate test of significance for the ten-group classification.
  • 4.2. Result and discussion of analysis of variance and multiple range
  • 4.2.1. Family Stress
  • 9 4.3 Results of ANOVA on the three-group classification on family stress.
  • 10 4.4 Comparison of the three groups on family stress.
  • 11 4.5 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on family stress.
  • 12 4.6 Comparison of the ten groups for family stress
  • 1. 1. Family Stress - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.2. Social Stress
  • 13 4.7 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on social stress.
  • 14 4.8 Comparison of the three groups for social stress.
  • 15 4.9 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on social stress
  • 16 4.10 Comparison of the ten groups on social stress.
  • 4.2.3. Personal Stress
  • 17 4.11 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on personal stress.
  • 18 4.12 Comparison of the three groups on personal stress.
  • 19 4.13 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on personal stress.
  • 20 4.14 Comparison of the ten groups on personal stress.
  • 4.2.4. Occupational Stress
  • 21 4.15 Results of ANOVA based on the three group on occupational stress.
  • 22 4.16 Comparison-of the three groups on occupational stress.
  • 23 4.17 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group on occupational stress.
  • 24 4.18 Comparison of the ten groups on occupational stress.
  • 4. 4. Occupational Stress - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.5. Type A Behaviour
  • 25 4.19 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group on type A behaviour
  • 26 4.20 Comparison of the three groups on type A behaviour.
  • 27 4.21 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on type A behaviour.
  • 28 4.22 Comparison of the ten groups for type A behaviour.
  • 5. 5. Type A Behaviour - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.6. Extroversion- Introversion
  • 29 4.23 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on extroversion-introversion.
  • 30 4.24 Comparison of the three groups for extroversion introversion
  • 31 4.25 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on extroversion-introversion.
  • 32 4.26 Comparison of the ten groups for extroversion - introversion.
  • 6. 6. Extroversion - Introversion Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.7. Neuroticism
  • 33 4.27 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on neuroticism.
  • 34 4.28 Comparison of the three groups on neuroticism.
  • 35 4.29 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on neuroticism.
  • 36 4.30 Comparison of the ten groups for neuroticism.
  • 7. 7. Neuroticism - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.8. Stable Temperament
  • 37 4.31 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on stable temperament.
  • 38 4.32 Comparison of the three groups for stable temperament.
  • 39 4.33 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on stable temperament.
  • 40 4.34 Comparison of the ten groups for stable temperament.
  • 8. 8. Stable Temperament - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.9. Objective Temperament
  • 41 4.35 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on objective temperament. 42 4.36 Comparison of the three groups for objective temperament.
  • 9. 9. Objective Temperament - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 43 4.37 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on objective temperament.
  • 44 4.38 Comparison of the ten groups for objective temperament.
  • 4.2.10. Sociable Temperament
  • 45 4.39 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on sociable temperament.
  • 46 4.40 Comparison of the three groups for sociable temperament.
  • 47 4.41 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on sociable temperament.
  • 48 4.42 Comparison of the ten groups for sociable temperament.
  • 10 10. Sociable Temperament-Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.11. Self -esteem
  • 49 4.43 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on self-esteem.
  • 50 4.44 Comparison of the three groups for self-esteem.
  • 51 4.45 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on self-esteem.
  • 52 4.46 Comparison of the ten groups for self-esteem.
  • 11 11 Self-Esteem - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.12. State Anxiety
  • 53 4.47 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on state anxiety.
  • 54 4.48 Comparison of the three groups for state anxiety.
  • 55 4.49 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on state anxiety.
  • 56 4.50 Comparison of the ten groups for state anxiety.
  • 12. 12. State Anxiety - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.13. Trait Anxiety
  • 57 4.51 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on trait anxiety.
  • 58 4.52 Comparison of the three groups for trait anxiety.
  • 59 4.53 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on trait anxiety.
  • 13. 13. Trait Anxiety - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.14. State Curiosity
  • 60 4.54 Comparison of the ten groups for trait anxiety.
  • 61 4.55 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on state curiosity.
  • 62 4.56 Comparison of the three groups for state curiosity.
  • 63 4.57 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on state curiosity.
  • 64 4.58 Comparison of the ten groups for state curiosity.
  • 14. 14 State Curiosity - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.15. Trait Curiosity
  • 65 4.59 Results of ANOVA based on the three-group classification on trait curiosity.
  • 66 4.60 Comparison of the three groups for trait curiosity.
  • 67 4.61 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on trait curiosity.
  • 68 4.62 Comparison of the ten groups for trait curiosity.
  • 15. 15. Trait Curiosity - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 4.2.16. State Anger
  • 69 4.63 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on state anger.
  • 70 4.64 Comparison-of the three groups for state anger.
  • 71 4.65 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on state anger.
  • 16. 16. State Anger -- Comparison of Mean Values
  • 72 4.66 Comparison of the ten groups for state anger.
  • 4.2.17. Trait Anger
  • 73 4.67 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on trait anger,
  • 74 4.68 Comparison of the three groups for trait anger.
  • 17. 17. Trait Anger - Comparison of Mean Values
  • 75 4.69 Results of ANOVA based on the ten group classification on trait anger.
  • 76 4.70 Comparison of the ten groups for trait anger.
  • 4.2.18. Depression
  • 77 4.71 Results of ANOVA based on the three group classification on depression.
  • 78 4.72 Comparison of the three groups on depression.
  • 79 4.73 Results of ANOVA based on the ten-group classification on depression.
  • 80 4.74 Comparison of the ten groups for depression.
  • 18. 18. Depression - Comparison of Mean Values
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • 4.3. Results and discussion on discriminant analysis
  • 4.3.1. Function discriminating normal, general patients and cardiac patients
  • 81 4.75 Statistical Indications of significance of the Discriminant function.
  • 82 4.76 Standardised Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients.
  • 83 4.77 Structure Matrix
  • 84 4.78 Group Centeriods
  • 85 4.79 Classification of results
  • 4.3.2. Functions discriminating normal, non-cardiac patients and eight different cardiac patient groups
  • 86 4.80 Statistical Indications of significance of the Discriminant Function
  • 87 4.81 Group Centeriods.
  • 88 4.82 Standardised Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients.
  • 89 4.83 Structure Matrix.
  • 90 4.84 Classification of results and predicted group membership.
  • CONCLUSION
  • 4.4. Comparison of cardiac group with noncardiac and normals based on the mean values of all the variables.
  • 4.4.1. Cardiac Patients
  • 19. 19 Cardiac patients Comparison of mean values of all variables
  • 4.4.2. Myocardial Infarction
  • 4.4.3. Angina
  • 20. 20 Myocardial Infarction-Comparison of mean values of all variables
  • 21. 21. Angina - Comparison of mean values of all variables
  • 4.4.4. Cardiac Surgery
  • 4.4.5. Essential Hypertension
  • 4.4.6. Arrythmia
  • 22. 22 Cardiac Surgery - Comparison of mean values of all variables
  • 23. 23. Essential Hypertension -Comparison of mean values of all variables
  • 4.4.7. Atherosclerosis
  • 4.4.8. Endocarditis
  • 24, 24 Arrythmia - Comparison of mean values of all variables.
  • 25. 25. Atherosclerosis - Comparison of mean values of all variables.
  • 26. 26. Endocarditis - Comparison of mean values of all variables.
  • 4.4.9. Pericarditis Conclusions
  • CONCLUSION
  • 27. 27 Pericarditis - Comparison of mean values of all variables.
  • 4.5. Results and discussion of Chi-square test
  • 4.5.1. Age
  • 91 4.85 Chi-square value for different age groups.
  • 92 4.86 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for different age groups.
  • 4.5.2. Sex
  • 93 4.87 Chi-square value for sex.
  • 4.5.3. Religion
  • 94 4.88 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for sex (N=500)
  • 95 4.89 Chi-square value for religion.
  • 96 4.90 Row percentage observed and expected frequency for religion.
  • 4.5.4. Place of residence
  • 97 4.91 Chi - square value for place of residence.
  • 98 4.92 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for place of residence.
  • 4.5.5. Socio-economic status (SES)
  • 99 4.93 Chi-square value for socio-economic status (High-Middle Low)
  • 100 4.94 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for socio-economic
  • 4.5.6. Type of family
  • 101 4.95 Chi-square value for type of family.
  • 102 4.96 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for type of family.
  • 4.5.7. Family size
  • 103 4.97 Chi-square value of family size.
  • 104 4.98 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for family size.
  • 4.5.8. Food habits
  • 105 4.99 Chi-square value for food habits.
  • 4.5.9. Smoking behaviour
  • 106 4.100 Row percentage, observed and expected frequency for food habits.
  • 107 4.101 Chi-square value of smoking behaviour.
  • 108 4.102 Observed and expected frequency and row percentage for smoking.
  • 4.5.10. Alcoholic behaviour
  • 109 4.103 Chi-square value for alchohol use.
  • 110 4.104 Observed & expected frequency and row percentage for alcohol use.
  • 4.5.11. History of BP I diabetes / other diseases
  • 111 4.105 Chi-square value for the history of BP / diabetes / other diseases.
  • 112 4.106 Observed and expected frequency and row percentage for the history of BP.diabetes / other disease symptoms.
  • 4.5.12. Hospitalisation
  • 113 4.107 Chi-square value for the details of hospitalization.
  • 114 4.108 Observed & expected frequency and row percentage of hospitalization.
  • CONCLUSION
  • 5. Summary & Conclusion
  • 5.1. Need for the study
  • 5.2. Statement of the topic
  • 5.3. Objectives of the study
  • 5.3.1. Specific Objectives
  • 5.4. Hypotheses
  • 5.5. Methodology in brief
  • 5.6. Sample for the study
  • 5.7. Tools used for the study
  • 5.8. Variables
  • 5.9. Administration of tools
  • 5.10 Consolidation of data
  • 5.11. Statistical techniques used for analysis
  • 5.12. Method of analysis
  • 5.13. Findings
  • 5.13.1. Psychological Variables
  • 5.13.2. Demographic Variables
  • 5.14. Conclusions
  • 5.15. Suggestions for further research.
  • BIBILIOGRAPHY
  • APPENDICES
  • 1 APPENDIX: 1 Personal Data Schedule
  • 2 APPENDIX: 2 Stress Inventory - Draft
  • 3 APPENDIX: 3 The PI, Put, Phi, and P values of the subclass of Stress inventory
  • 4 APPENDIX: 4 Stress Inventory - Final form
  • 5 APPENDIX: 5 Type A Behaviour Inventory - Draft
  • 6 APPENDIX: 6 The PI, Pu, Phi, and P values of the Type A Behaviour Inventory
  • 7 APPENDIX: 7 Type A Behaviour Inventory - Final Form
  • 8 APPENDIX: 8 Depression Inventory - Draft
  • 9 APPENDIX: 9 The PI, Pu, Phi, and P values of the Depression Inventory
  • 10 APPENDIX: 10 Depression Inventory - Final Form
  • 11 APPENDIX: 11 State- Trait Personality Inventory - Draft
  • 12 APPENDIX: 12 The PI, Pu, Phi, and P values of the State – Trait personality Inventory
  • 13 APPENDIX: 13 State - Trait Personality Inventory - Final
  • 14 APPENDIX: 14 Personality Inventory
  • 15 APPENDIX: 15 Generalised T Scale
  • 16 APPENDIX: 16 Self Esteem Inventory
  • 17 APPENDIX: 17 Stress Inventory - English
  • 18 APPENDIX: 18 Type A Behaviour Inventory - English
  • 19 APPENDIX: 19 Depression Inventory- English
  • 20 APPENDIX: 20 State - Trait Personality Inventory- English
  • 21 APPENDIX: 21 Personality Inventory- English
  • 22 APPENDIX: 22 Generalised T Scale- English
  • 23 APPENDIX: 23 Self Esteem Inventory- English