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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
I General Introduction
1.1 Definition of the term Spice
1.2 Chemical Nature
1.3 Total Number of Spices Cultivated
1.4 Classification of Spices
1.5 Quality Evaluation of Spices
1.6 Scenario of Spice Production in Kerala
1.7 Drying as a Post-Harvest Method
1.7.1 Traditional Sun Drvins of Spices
1.7.2 Solar Drving of Spices
1.8 Scope and Objective of Present Study
2 Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Black Pepper Cultivated In Kerala
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Taxonomy of Piper nigrum Linn
2.2.2 Survey of pepper production in Kerala
2.2.3 Sample collection
2.2.4 Selection of sampling stations
2.2.5 lnitial moisture content determination
2.2.6 Experiments on drving of pepper
2.2.7 Drvina experiments conducted in solar tunnel dryer
2.2.8 Conventional method of drvina conducted in the research centre
2.2.9 Conventional processina by farmers
2.2.10 Repetition of experiments
2.2.1 I Quality evaluation of pepper
2.2.12 Data Analyses
2.3 Observations and Results
2.3.1 Observations on oeoper production in Kerala
Type of soil
Method of planting
Cultivars
Cropping methods and spacing
Time of planting
Manuring
Farming operations
Time of flowering
Pesticide application
Diseases
Harvesting season
Method of harvesting
Yield of black pepper
Post-harvest operations
Storage
2.3.2 Results of the drying experiments
Initial Moisture Content (IMC)
Drying Time
Spice Recovery
2.3.3 Qualitv evaluation of black pepper
Final Moisture Content (FMC)
Volatile Oil
Oleoresin
Piperine
Whole Insech Dead
Excreta Mammalian
Excreta Otliers
Insect defled/inf ested
Extraneoudforeign matter
Pin heads
Light berries
2.3.4 Repetition of drvina experiments and aualitv analvses
2.4 Discussion
3 Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Cardamom Cultivated In Kerala
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Taxonomy a Elettaria cardarnomurn Maton.
3.2.2 Survey of cardamom Droduction in Kerala
3.2.3 Sam~leco llection
3.2.4 Selection of samDlinq stations
3.2.5 Initial moisture content determination
3.2.6 Drvina methods ado~tedfo r cardamom
3.2.7 Drvina experiments conducted in solar tunnel drver
Pre-drying treatment
Drying of cardamom
Post-drying treatments
3.2.8 Conventional processing bv farmers
3.2.9 Repetition of experiments
3.2.10 Quality evaluation of cardamom
3.2.11 Data Analvses
3.3 Observations and Results
3.3.1 Observations on cardamom production in Kerala
Type of soil for cardamom cultivation
Selection of land and method of planting
Cultivars
Cropping methods and spacing
Time of planting and watering
Manuring
Farming operations
Time offlowering
Pesticide application
Diseases
Harvesting season
Metlrod of liarvesting
Yield of cardamom
Post-liarvest operations
Storage
3.3.2 Results of the drvina experiments
Initial Moisture Content (ZMC)
Drying Time
Spice Recovery
3.3.3 Qualitv evaluation of cardamom
Final Moisture Content (FMC)
Volatile Oil
Oleoresin
Whole Insects Dead
Excreta Mammalian
Excreta Otliers
Mold
Insect defledlin fested
Extraneoudforeign matter
3.3.4 Re~etitiono f drvina experiments and aualitv analvses
3.4 Discussion
4 Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Ginger Cultivated In Kerala
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Taxonomy of Zinaiber oficinale Rosco.
4.2.2 Survev of ainqer ~roductionin Kerala
4.2.3 Sample collection
4.2.4 Selection of samplina stations
4.2.5 Initial moisture content determination
4.2.6. Dwins methods adoDted for ainaer
4.2.7 Drvina experimentsc onducted in solar tunnel drver
Pre-dtying treatment
Drying of ginger
Post-drying treatments
4.2.8 Conventional method of dwina conducted in the research centre
4.2.9 Conventional ~rocessinab v farmers
4.2.10 Repetition of experiments
4.2.1 1 Quality evaluation of ginger
4.2.12. Data Anaivses
4.3 Observations and Results
4.3.1 Observations on ainaer production in Kerala
Type of soil selected for ginger cultivation in Kerala
Metlrod of planting
Cultivars
Cropping metltods
Time oj planting and watering
Manuring
Farmtirtg operations
Time ofjluwerirtg
Pesticide application
Diseases
Harvesting season
Yield of ginger
Post-lzarvest operations
Storage
4.3.2 Results of the dwina experiments
Initial Moisture Content (IMC)
Drying time
Spice Recovery
4.3.3 Quality evaluation of ainaer
Final Moisture Content (FMC)
Volatile oil
Oleoresi
Wzole insects dead
Excreta Mammalian
Excreta Others
Mold
Insect defiledlinf ested
Extraneous/foreign matter
4.3.4 Repetition of drvina experiments and quality analyses
4.4 Discussion
5 Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Turmeric Cultivated In Kerala
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Taxonomy of Curcurna lonqa Linn. syn. C. dornestica Val.
5.2.2 Survev of turmeric production in Kerala
5.2.3 Sample collection
5.2.4 Selection of samplina stations
5.2.5 Initial moisture content determination
5.2.6 Drvina methods adopted for turmeric
5.2.7 Drvins experiments conducted in solar tunnel dryer
Pre-drying treatment
Drying of turmeric
Post-drying treatments
5.2.8 Conventional method of drvina conducted in the research centre
5.2.9 Conventional ~rocessinab v farmers
5.2.10 Repetition of ex~eriments
5.2.11 Quality evaluation of turmeric
Curcumin
5.2.12 Data Analvses
5.3 Observations and Results
5.3.1 Observations on turmeric production in Kerala
Type of soil
Method of planting
Cultivars
Cropping methods and spacing
Time of planting
Manuring
Farming operations
Time o fflowering
Pesticide application
Diseases.
Harvesting season
Method of harvesting
Yield of turmeric
Post-harvest operatiorzs
Storage
5.3.2 Results of the dr~inqex periments
Initial Moisture Content (IMC)
Drying Time
Spice Recovery
5.3.3 Quality evaluation of turmeric
Final Moisture Content (FMC)
Volatile Oil
Oleoresin
Curcumin
Wliole insects dead
Excreta Mammalian
Mold
Insect defiled/itifesred
Extraneous/foreign matter
5.3.4 Repetition of drvina experiments and aualitv analyses
5.4 Discussion
6 Summary and Conclusion
Black pepper
Cardamom
Ginger
Turmeric
References
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I Some of the unique properties of Spices
APPENDIX II Classification of spices based on morphological characterss
APPENDIX III Classification based on commercial importance
APPENDIX IV Value Added Products of Black pepper
APPENDIX V Active Chemical principles of Black pepper
APPENDIX VI Diversity of black Pepper in India
APPENDIX VII
APPENDIX VIII
APPENDIX IX Active Chemical Principles of Cardamom
APPENDIX X Improve Varieties of Cardamom
APPENDIX XI Agmark Grade Designations of Cardamom
APPENDIX XII
APPENDIX Xlll Value Added Products of Ginger
APPENDIX XIV Active Chemical Principles of Ginger
APPENDIX XV Cultivar Diversity Ginger in India
APPENDIX XVI
APPENDIX XVll Active Chemical Principles of Turmeric
APPENDIX XVIII Improved varieties and salient features
APPENDIX XIX
Plates
Plate 1: Solar tunnel dryer - outlet showing completely protected side, opening pedal can also be seen
Plate 2: Solar tunnel dryer with photovoltaic module
Plate 3: Drying area of the tunnel dryer