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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • PREFACE
  • GLOSSARY OF TERMS
  • CONTENTS
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • Fig. I.1 Schematic diagram of some simple two polymer combinations (Source Ref.5)
  • I.2. COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF POLYMER BLENDS
  • I. 3. BLENDING TECHNIQUES
  • I.3.1 Melt blending
  • I.3.2 Latex blending
  • I.3.3 Solution blending
  • I.3.4 Mechanochemical blending
  • I.3.5 Freeze drying
  • I.3.6. Partial block and graft polymerisation
  • I.4. COMMERCIAL POLYMER BLENDS
  • I.4.1 Two phase polymer blends
  • Table I.1Commercial blend of immiscible components
  • I.4.1.1 Interpenetrating polymer net work (IPN)
  • Table: I. 2 Examples of IPNs
  • I.4.1.2 Rubber - rubber polyblends
  • Table: I.3 Example for rubber - rubber blend
  • I.4.1.3 Rubber - plastic polyblends
  • Table: I.4 Examples of rubbecplastic polyblends
  • I.4.1.4 Plastic -plastic poly blends
  • Table: I.5 Examples for plastic-plastic blends
  • I.4.1.5 Block copolymers
  • I.4.2 One phase polymer blends
  • Fig I.2. Variation of property with compositionfor a binary polymer blend (Source Ref.5)
  • Table I.6 Commercial blends of miscible components
  • I.5 CHARACTERISATION OF POLYMER BLENDS
  • I.5.1 Optical clarity
  • I.5.2 Glass transition temperature (Tg)
  • Fig. I. 3. Variation of Tg with composition (Source Ref.41)
  • I.5.3 Spectroscopy
  • I.5.4 Scattering techniques
  • I.5.5 Inverse gas chromatography
  • I.5.6 Fluorescence spectroscopy
  • I.5.7 Microscopy
  • I.5.8 Melting point depression
  • I.5.9 Viscosity studies
  • I.5.10 Mechanical properties
  • I.5.11 Rheological properties
  • I.5.12 Empirical approach at predicting compatibility: solubility parameter approach
  • I.5.13 Interaction parameter and critical interactionparameter
  • I.5.14 Enthalpy of mixing of polymer-polymer blends
  • I.6. THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE SEPARATION OF POLYMER BLENDS
  • Fig.I.4 Free energy versus blend composition for (a) miscible, and (b) partly miscible polymer blends (Source Ref.78)
  • Fig. I.5. Schematic phase diagrams for polymer polymer blends: - (Source Ref.88)
  • I.6.1 Kinetics of phase separation
  • I.6.2 Polymer mixture theories
  • Fig. I.6. Modes of phase separation in miscible blends (Source Ref. 88)
  • I.6.3 Lattice fluid theory
  • I.6.4 Phase behaviour of ternary polymer blends
  • I.6.5 Experimental determination of phase separationin polymer blends
  • I.7. PVC BASED BINARY BLENDS
  • I.7.1 PVC/NBR blends
  • I.7.2 PVC/EVA blends
  • I.7.3 PVC/PCL blends
  • I.7.4 PVC/PMMA blends
  • I.7.5 PVC/PU blends
  • I.7.6 PVC/CPE blends
  • I.7.7. PVC/ α - methyl styrene based polymer blends
  • I.8. COMPATIBILISATION OF IMMISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS
  • I.8.1 Addition of block copolymers for compatibilisation
  • I.8.2 Addition of graft copolymers for compatibilisation
  • I.8.3 Reactive compatibilisation
  • I.8.4 Homopolymers as compatibilisers
  • Fig.I.7 Basic phase structure types that may occur for a blend of three high-molecular weight polymers.
  • I.9. AIM AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION
  • I.10. REFERENCES
  • II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
  • II.1. MATERIALS USED
  • Table II.1.Details of the materials used
  • II.2. PREPARATION OF THE BLENDS
  • Table II.2 Formulations for binary and ternary blends
  • Fig. II. 1. Composition of binary and ternary blends of PVC, EVA and SAN.
  • II.3. CHARACTERISATION
  • II.3.1. SOLUTION VISCOSITY
  • II.3.2. DENSITY
  • II.3.3. SOLUBILITY PARAMETER
  • II.3.4. INTERACTION PARAMETER AND ENTHALPY OF MIXING
  • II.3.5. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
  • II.3.6. THERMOGRAVIMETRY
  • II.3.7. LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX
  • Table II.3.a Solubility parameter of polymers
  • Table II.3.b Solubility parameter of EVA
  • II.3.8. SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS
  • II.3.9. STATIC THERMAL STABILITY
  • II.3.10. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
  • II.3.11. LOWER CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE
  • II.3.12. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPYUTION
  • II.3.13. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
  • II.3.14. HARDNESS
  • II.3.15. SOLUTION RHEOLOGY
  • REFERENCES
  • III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • Section 1 BINARY BLENDS OF PVC AND EVA
  • III.1. BINARY BLENDS OF PVC AND EVA
  • III.1.1 COMPATIBILITY IN SOLUTION
  • Fig.lll.1.1η sp/C Vs C for PVC and EVA
  • Table III 1.1Observed and calculated intrinsic viscosities of PVC, EVAand PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.lll.l.2.Δb Vs C for PVC/EVA blends, 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70
  • Fig.lll.l.3.Observed and calculated specific viscosities of PVC/EVA 70/30mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.lll.l.4.Observed and calculated specific viscosities of PVC/EVA 50/50 mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.lll.l.5.Observed and calculatedspecific viscosities of PVC/EVA 30/70mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.lll.l.5.Observed and calculated specific viscosities of PVC/EVA 30/70 mixture Vs concentration
  • III.1.1.1 Interaction parameter, heat of mixing and density
  • Table III.1.2Interaction parameters for polymer - polymer system
  • Table III.1.3 Interaction parameter for polymer blend - solvent system
  • Fig.lll.l.6.Heat of mixing Vs weight percentage of PVC in PVC/EVA blends
  • Table III.1.4 Observed and calculated densities of PVC/EVA blends
  • III.1.2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES
  • III.1.3. THERMAL AND FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES
  • III.1.3.1 Thermogravimetry
  • Fig. Ill. 1.7. Infrared spectrum of pure EVA
  • Fig. Ill. 1.8. Infrared spectrum of PVC /EVA SO/SO mixture
  • Fig.llI.l.g. T G and DTG curves of PVC
  • Fig.III. 1.10. TG and DTG curves of EVA
  • Fig. III.l. 11. TG and DTG curves of PVC/ EVA 70 / 3 0 blend
  • Fig.III.1.12. TG and DTG curves of PVC /EVA 50/50 blend.
  • Fig.III.1.13. TG and DTG curves of PVC/EVA 30/70 blend.
  • Table III.1.5 Comparison of the thermal properties of PVC, EVA and PVC/EVA blends
  • III.1.3.2. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of PVC/EVA binary blends.
  • Fig.lll.1.14.Effect of blend composition on To and T50 values of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.llI.1.15. Effect of blend composition on the amount of residue of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.III.1.16. DSC therrnogrom of PVC and EVA.
  • Fig.III.1.17.DSC thermogram of PVC/EVA 70/30 and 50/50 blends
  • III.1.4. MORPHOLOGY
  • III.1.4.1 Scanning electron microscopy
  • Fig.lll.1.18.Glass transition temperature (Tg) Vs composition of PVC/EVA blends
  • III.1.5. PHASE SEPARATION
  • Fig.III.1.20.LCST of PVC/EVA blends
  • III.1.6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
  • Fig. III.1.19.a SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA 70130 (EVA phase etched) No signs of phase separation
  • Fig.III.1.19.b SEM Photomicrograph of PVCIEVA 50150 (PVC phase is etched) Phase separated interconnected morphology.
  • Fig. III.1.19.c SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA 30/70 (PVC phase etched) No signs of phase separation
  • Fig.III.1.21. Optical photograph of PVC/EVA 50/50 blend at LCST
  • Fig.III.1.22. Stress strain behaviour of PVC, EVA and PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.lll.1.23.Maximum tensile strength composition of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.III.1.24.Elongation at break Vs composition of PVC/EVA blends
  • Table III.1.6 Tensile impact strength and hardness of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.lll.1.25.Youngs modulus Vs composition of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.III.1. 26. Tearing force Vs displacement of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.lll.1.27.Tear strength Vs the amount of PVC In PVC/EVA blend
  • III.1.7. SOLUTION RHEOLOGY
  • Fig.lll.1.28.Vlscosity Vs shear rate of PVC and EVA
  • Fig.lll.l.29.Viscosity Vs shear rate of PVC/EVA blends
  • Fig.III.1.30.Variation of viscosity with composition of PVC/EVA binary blend at a shear rate of 20S -1
  • Section 2 BINARY BLENDS OF PVC AND SAN
  • III.2.1 BINARY BLENDS OF PVC AND SAN
  • III.2.1. COMPATIBILITY IN SOLUTION
  • Table III.2.1 Observed and calculated intrinsic viscosities of PVC, SAN and PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.2.1.η sp/C Vs C for PVC and SAN
  • III.2.1.1. Density, heat of mixing and interaction parameter
  • Fig.III.2.2.Δb Vs C for PVC/SAN blends, 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70
  • Fig.III.2.3.Observed and calculated specific viscosltles of PVC/SAN 70/30 mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.III.2.4.Observed and calculated specific viscosities of PVC/SAN 50/50 mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.lll.2.5.Observed and calculated speciflc vlscositles of PVC/SAN 30/70 mixture Vs concentration
  • Table III.2.2 Observed and calculated densities of PVC, SANand PVC/SAN blends
  • Table III.2.3 Interaction parameters for polymer - polymer systems
  • Fig.III.2.6.Heat of mixing Vs weight percentage of SAN In PVC/SAN blends
  • Table III.2.4 Interaction parameter for polymer blend solvent system (PVC/SAN)
  • III.2.2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES
  • Fig. III- 2.7. Infrared spectrum of pure SA N
  • Fig. III. 2. 8 . Infrared spectrum of PVC/ISAN 70/30 blend
  • III.2 3. THERMAL AND FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES
  • III 2.3.1 Thermogravimetry
  • Fig.III. 2 . 9 TG and DTG curves of SAN
  • Fig.III.2.10. TG and DTG curves of PVC/ SAN 70 / 30 blend
  • Fig.III.2.11.TG and DTG curves of PVC/SAN 50/50 blend
  • Fig.III.2 -12. TG and DTG curves of PVC/SAN 30/70 blend
  • Fig.lll.2.13.Effect of blend composition on T0 and T50 values of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.lll.2.14.Effect of blend composition on the amount of residue of PVC/SAN blends
  • Table III.2.5 Comparison of the thermal properties of PVC, SAN and PVC/SAN blends
  • III.2.3.2 Differential scanning calorimetry
  • III.2.4. MORPHOLOGY
  • Fig.III.2.15. DSC thermogram of PVC, SAN and PVC/SAN blends.
  • Fig.lll.2.16.Glass transitiontemperature [Tg) Vs composition ofPVC/SAN blends
  • Fig. III.2.17.a. SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/SAN 70/30 blend (SAN phase etched) Phase separated interconnected morphology.
  • Fig.III.2.17.b SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/SAN 50/50 (SAN phase is etched) Phase separated interconnected morphology.
  • III.2.5. PHASE SEPARATION
  • III.2.6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
  • Fig.2.18.LCST of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.III. 2.20. Stress-strain curve for PVC / SAN blends.
  • Fig. III.2.19.a. Optical photograph of PVC/SAN 70/30 bIend at LCST.
  • Fig.III.2.19.b Optical photograph of PVC/SAN 50/50 blend at LCST.
  • Fig.III.2.21.Maximum tensile strength Vs composition of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.2.22.Youngs modulus Vs cornposition of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.ll1.2.23.Elongation at break Vs composition of PVG/SAN blends
  • Fig.III. 2.24. Tearing force Vs displacement of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.2.25.Tear strenfth Vs composition of PVC/SAN blends
  • Table III.2.6 Tensile impact strength of PVC/SAN blends
  • III.2.7. SOLUTION RHEOLOGY
  • Fig.lll.2.26.Viscosity Vs shear rate of PVC and SAN
  • Fig.III.2.27.Viscosity Vs shear rate of PVC/SAN blends
  • Fig.lll.2.28.Variation of viscosity with composition of PVC/SAN binary blend at ashear rate of 20s-I
  • Section 3 BINARY BLENDS OF EVA AND SAN
  • III.3. BINARY BLENDS OF EVA AND SAN
  • III.3.1.COMPATIBILITY IN SOLUTION
  • TableIII.3.1Observed and calculated intrinsic viscosities of EVA/SAN system
  • Fig.lll.3.1. Δb Vs C for EVA/SAN blends, 70/30, 60/50 and 30/70
  • III.3.1.1 Density, heat of mixing and interaction parameter
  • Table III.3.2 Observed and calculated densities of various polymer mixtures
  • Fig.lll.3.2.0bserved and calculated specific viscosities of EVA/SAN 70/30 mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig.III.3.3.Observed and calculated specific viscosities of EVA/SAN 60/60 mixture Vs concentration
  • Fig. lll.3.4.Observed and calculated specific viscositles of EVA/SAN 30/70 mixture Vs concentration
  • Table III.3.3 Interaction parameter for polymer blend - solvent system (EVA/SAN)
  • Table III.3.4 Interaction parameter for polymer - polymer systems
  • Fig.lII.3.5.Heat of mixing Vs weight percentage of SAN in EVA/SAN blend
  • III.3.2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES
  • III.3.3. THERMAL AND FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES.
  • III.3.3.1 Thermogravimetry
  • Fig. III..3.6 Infrared spectrum of EVA /SAN 50/50 blend
  • Fig.III.3.7. TG .md DTG Curves of EVA/SAN 70/30 blend.
  • Fig.III.3.8. TG and DTG curves of EVA /SAN 50/50 blend.
  • Fig.III.3.9 TG and DTG curves of EVA /SAN 30/70 blend.
  • Table III.3.5 Comparison of thermal and flammability characteristics of EVA/SAN blend
  • III. 3.3.2 DSC studies
  • III.3.4. MORPHOLOGY
  • Fig.lll.3.10.Effect of blend compositionon To and T50 values of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.3.11.DSC Therrnograrn of EVA / S A N blends.
  • Fig.lll.3.12.Glass transitiontemperature (Tg) Vs composition of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig. III.3.13.a. SEM photograph of EVA/SAN 70/30 blend.Particles of SAN resting on the extracted surface
  • Fig.III.3.13.b SEM photograph of EVA/SAN 50150 blend, co-continuous phases.
  • Fig. III.3.13.c. SEM photograph of EVA/SAN 30/70 blend.
  • III.3.5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
  • Fig.III.3.14. Sfress strain curve of EVA / SAN blends
  • Fig.lll.3.15.Maximum tensile strength Vs composition of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.llI.3.16.Elongation at break Vs composition of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.lll.3.17.Youngs modulus Vs composition of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.3.18. Tearing force vs displacement of EVA / SAN blends
  • Table III.3.6 Tensile impact strength and hardness of EVA/SAN blends
  • III.3.6. SOLUTION RHEOLOGY
  • Fig.lll.3.19.Tear strength Vs composition of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.lll.3.20.Viscosity Vs shear rate of EVA/SAN blends
  • Fig.III.3.21.Variation of viscosity with composition of EVA/SAN binary blend at a shear rate of 20 S - I
  • Section 4 TERNARY BLENDS OF PVC, EVA AND SAN
  • III.4. TERNARY BLENDS OF PVC, EVA AND SAN
  • III.4.1. MORPHOLOGY
  • Fig. III.4.1 SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA/SAN 35/35/30 ternary blend. No signs of phase separation
  • Fig.III.4.2 SEM Photomicrograph of PVCIEVAISAN 15/35/50ternary blend. No signs of phase separation.
  • Fig.III.4.3 SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA/SAN 52.5/52.5/25 ternary blend. Co-continuous phases with marginal phase separation
  • Fig.III.4.4 SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA/SAN 35/15/50 ternary blend. Co-continuous phases with marginal phase separation.
  • Fig.III.4.5 SEM Photomicrograph of PVCfEVA/SAN 9/21/70 ternary blend. Phase separated particles resting on the extracted surface.
  • Fig.III.4.6 SEM Photomicrograph of PVC/EVA/SAN 15/15/70 ternary blend. Interconnected network structure
  • III.4.2. PHASE SEPARATION
  • III.4.3 THERMAL AND FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES
  • III.4.3.1 DSC studies
  • Fig. Ill . 4 . 7 . LC ST of ternary blends.
  • Fig.III.4.8.L D S C thermogram of PVC/EVA?SAN ternary blends
  • Fig.III. 4.8.2.DSC thermogrum d PVC / EVA / SAN ternary blends.
  • Table III.4.2 Glass transition temperature of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends
  • III.4.3.2 Thermogravimetry
  • Fig.III.4.9. Comparison of glass transition temperatureof miscible ternary blends experimentally determined and calculated according to equation 111.18
  • Fig.III. 4-10-TG and DTG curves of misciblePVC/EVA /SAN 35/35/30 blend.
  • Fig.III.4.11 . TG and DTG curves of miscible PVC /EVA/SAN 15/35/50 blend.
  • Fig.III. 4.12 T.G and DTG Curves of miscible PVC/ EVA/ SAN 35/15 /50 blend.
  • Fig.III.4.13.TG and DTG curves of immiscible PVC/ EVA/ lSAN 15/15/70 blend
  • Table III.4.1 Comparison of properties between PVC, EVA, SAN and PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends
  • III.4.4. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES
  • Fig.III.4.14 Ternary phase diagram showing the effect of blend composition onT0 and T50 of PVC/EVA, PVC/ SAN, EVA/SAN and PVC /EVA /SAN blends.
  • Fig.III.4.15. Infrared spectrum of PVC/EVA/SAN 25/25/50
  • Fig.III.4.16.Infrared spectrum of ternary blends of PVC/EVA/SAN 9/21/70
  • III.4.5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
  • Fig. III. 4-17, Stress-strain behaviour of PVC /EVA /SAN ternary blends.
  • Fig.III. 4-18. Stress-strain behaviour of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends.
  • Table III.4.3 Tensile strength of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends
  • Table III.4.4Youngs modulus of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends
  • Table III.4.5 Elongation at break of ternary blends of PVC/EVA/SAN
  • Fig.III.4.19 Tearing forces Vs displacement of PVC/ EVA/ SAN blends.
  • Table III.4.6 Tear strength of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blends
  • Table III.4.7Tensile impact strength and hardness of PVC/EVA/SAN ternary blend
  • III.4.6. SOLUTION RHEOLOGY
  • Fig.III.4.20.Viscosity Vs shear rate of PVC/EVA/SAN blends
  • III.4.7. REFERENCES
  • IV. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES
  • IV.1. CONCLUSION
  • IV.2. SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES
  • LIST OF PUBLICATION FROM THE PRESENT WORK
  • International Journals
  • Papers presented in conferences
  • CURRICULAM VITAE