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Full Screen- Title
- DECLARATION
- CERTIFICATE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- List of Abbreviations
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Concept of Controlled Release
- 1.2 Polymers in Controlled Release Technology
- 1) Diffusion - Controlled Systems
- a) Reservoir Systems
- b) Monolithic system
- 2a) Erosion- or Chemical Reaction- Controlled Systems
- b) Chemical Reaction Controlled -Systems
- 3) Swelling CR System
- 4) Osmotic Pumping Systems
- 1.3 Polymers as Soil Conditioners
- 1.4 Polymer - Soil Interactions
- 1.5 Polyacrylamide as Soil Conditioner
- 1.6 Fertilizers and Agricultural Production-
- 1.7 Urea in Soil
- 1.8 Scope of the Work
- 2. Review on Polymer-Based Controlled Release Agro-chemicals
- 2.1 Polymers in Controlled Release (CR) Agro-chemicals
- 2.2 Physical Combinations of Polymers and Active agents
- 2.3 Chemical Combinations of Polymers and Active agents
- 2.3.1 Bio-degradable Systems
- 2.3.2 Polymers with Pendant Substituents
- 2.3.3 CR Formulations by Polymerization of Functional Monomers
- 2.3.4 CR Formulations by Functionalization of Pre-formed Polymers
- 2.4 Controlled Release Fertilizers
- 2.5 Controlled Release Fertilizers Based on Polymers
- 3. Materials and Methods
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3. 1.1 Preparation Urea Granules
- 3.1.2 Preparation of Sealant Solutions
- 3.1.3 Destabilization of Monomers
- 3.2 Materials Used
- 3.3 Preparation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers (PCUF) Based on Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Systems
- 3.3.1 Preparation of PCUF Based on DVB-PAM Systems
- 3.3.2 Preparation of PCUF Based on NNMBA-PAM Systems
- 3.3.3 Preparation of PCUF Based on TTEGDA-PAM Systems
- 3.3.4 Preparation of PCUF Based on PETA-PAM Systems
- 3.4 Preparation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers Based on Crosslinked Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
- 3.4.1 Preparation of PCUF Based on DVB-PMMA System
- 3.4.2 Preparation of PCUF Based on NNMBA-PMMA Systems.
- 3.4.3 Preparation of PCUF Based on TTEGDA-PMMA Systems.
- 3.4.4 Preparation of PCUF Based on PETA-PMMA Systems
- 3.5. Evaluation of Polymer Coated Urea Fertlizers
- 3.5.1 Determination of Urea Content
- 3.5.2 Soil Characteristics
- 3.5.3 Leaching Studies
- 3.5.4 Urea Estimation
- 3.5.5 Incubation Experiments
- 3.6 Statistical Analysis of Data
- Leaching experiments
- Incubation experiment
- 3.7 Matrix Type Controlled Release Urea Fertilizers
- 3.7.1 Urea-N Content
- 3.7.2 Incubation Experiment
- 4. Results and Discussion
- 4.1 Characterisation of PCUF - IR spectroscopy
- 4.2 Urea Content in Polymer Coated Urea Fertilizers
- 4.3 Soil Characteristics
- 4.4 Results of Leaching Experiments Polyacrylamide Based Systems
- 4.4.1 DVB-PAM Systems
- 4.4.2 NNMBA-PAM Systems
- 4.4.3 TTEGDA-PAM Systems
- 4.4.4 PETA-PAM Systems
- 4.5 Comparison of Different Sealants in Polyacrylamide Systems
- 4.6 Results of Leaching Experiments Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
- 4.6.1 DVB-PMMA Systems
- 4.6.2 NNMBA-PMMA Systems
- 4.6.3 TTEGDA-PMMA Systems
- 4.6.4 PETA-PMMA Systems
- 4.7 Comparison of Different Sealants in Polymethylmethacrylate Systems
- 4.8 Results of Incubation Experiments
- 4.8.1 DVB-PAM Systems
- 4.8.2 NNMBA-PAM Systems
- 4.8.3 TTEGDA-PAM Systems
- 4.8.4 PETA-PAM Systems
- 4.8.5 DVB-PMMA Systems
- 4.8.6 NNMBA-PMMA Systems
- 4.8.7 TTEGDA-PMMA Systems
- 4.8.8 PETA-PMMA Systems
- 4.9. Matrix Type Controlled Release Urea Fertilizers
- 5. Summary and Conclusions
- 7. References
- 8. Publications out of this study