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  • Title
  • DECLARATION-1
  • DECLARATION- 2
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • Preface
  • GLOSSARY OF TERMS
  • CONTENTS
  • I. Introduction
  • 1.2 Reasons For Blending Elastomers
  • 1.2.1 Problems associated with blending
  • 1.3 Commercially Successful Blends Based On Elastomers
  • 1.4 Studies On Elastomer Blends
  • 1.4.1 Morphology of polymer blends
  • 1.4.2 Interpenetrating network
  • 1.4.3 Compatibility and compatibilizers
  • 1.4.4 Distribution of compounding ingredients
  • 1.4.5 Cure rate incompatibility
  • 1.4.6 Melt flow behaviour
  • 1.4.7 Methods for blending
  • 1.5 Characterisation Of Blends
  • 1.5.1 Electron microscopy
  • 1.5.2 -X -ray and light scattering
  • 1.5.3 Thermal analysis (glass transition characteristics)
  • 1.5.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • 1.5.5 Fluorescence
  • 1.6 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
  • 1.6.1 Synthesis and structure
  • 1.6.2 Structure-property relations
  • 1.6.3 Blends based on EVA
  • 1.7.1 Structure And Properties Of Natural Rubber
  • 1.7.2 Blends based on natural rubber
  • 1.8 Scope Of The Work
  • 1.9 Objectives Of The Work
  • 1.9.1 Morphology
  • 1.9.2 Vulcanisation characteristics
  • 1.9.3 Melt flow behaviour
  • 1.9.4 Effect of fillers
  • 1.9.5 Degradation behaviour
  • 1.9.6 - X-ray. thermal and dynamic mechanical properties
  • 1.9.7 Cell structure of microcellular sheets
  • II. Experimental Techniques
  • II.1 Materials Used
  • II.1.1 Natural rubber
  • II.1.2 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
  • II.1.3 Rubber chemicals
  • II.1.4 Fillers
  • II.1.5 Other chemicals
  • II.1.6 Special chemicals
  • II.1.7 Solvents
  • II.2 Preparation Of Blends
  • II.2.1 Composition of the blends
  • II.2.2 Cure systems
  • II.2.3 Designation of the blends
  • II.2.4 Blending and compounding
  • II.2.5 Time for optimum cure
  • II.2.6 Moulding of test samples
  • II.2.7 Compounding of microcellular sheet
  • II.2.8 Moulding of microcellular sheet
  • II.2.9 Post curing
  • II.3 Physical Test Methods
  • II.3.1 Modulus. Tensile strength and Elongation at break
  • II.3.2 Tear resistance
  • II.3.3 Hardness
  • II.3.4 Abrasion resistance
  • II.3.5 Rebound resilience
  • II..3.6 Compression set
  • II.4 Melt Flow Studies
  • II.4.1 Equipment details
  • II.4.2 Test procedure
  • II. 4.3 Extrudate swell
  • II.5 Degradation Studies
  • II.5.1 Ozone cracking
  • II.5.2 Radiation studies
  • II.5.3 Thermal age-
  • II.6 Determination Of Volume Fraction Of Rubber
  • II.7 Morphology
  • II.7.1 Scanning Electran Microscope
  • II.8 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
  • II.9 Vulcanisation Kinetics
  • II.10 Thermal Analysis
  • II.11 X-Ray Analysis
  • II.12 Testing Of Microcellular Sheets
  • II.12.1 Determination of compression set
  • II.12.2 Determination of split tear strength
  • II.12.3 Determination of heat shrinkage
  • II.12.4 Determination of relative density
  • II.12.5 Determination of hardness
  • II.12.6 Determination of abrasion resistance
  • II.12.7 Determination of flex life
  • II.12.8 Determination of room temperature shrinkage
  • II.12.9 Cell structure study by SEM
  • III. A. Morphology. B. Kinetics of vulcanisaton and mechanical properties of NR-EVA blends.
  • A. Morphology
  • B. Kinetics Of Vulcanisation And Mechanical Properties Of Nr-Eva Blends
  • III.A Morphology Of The Blends
  • III. B Kinetics Of Vulcanisation And Mechanical Properties
  • III. B. 1 Kinetic factors and cure characteristics
  • III.B.2 Physical properties
  • III. B. 2.1 Tensile strength. modulus and elongation
  • III.B.2.2 Hardness
  • III.B.2.3 Compression set
  • III.B.2.4 Tear and abrasion resistance
  • Fig.III.A.1 SEM Photomicrograph of blend G, NR remained as dispersed phase.
  • Fig.III.A.2 SEM Photomicrograph of blend F, both phases continuous.
  • Fig.III.A.3 SEM Photomfmgraph of blend E, both phases continuous.
  • Fig.III.A.4 SEM Photomicrograph of blend D, particles of EVA resting on the extracted surface.
  • IV. Miscibility, Crystallization And Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour Of Nr-Eva Blends
  • IV.1 Thermal Properties
  • IV.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
  • IV.3 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
  • V. Melt Flow Behaviour And Extrudate Morphology Of Nr-Eva Blends
  • V.1 Effect Of Blend Ratio And Shear Stress On Viscosity
  • V.2 Effect Of Crosslinking System On Viscosity
  • V.3 Effect Of Precipitated Silica On Viscosity
  • V.4 Effect Of Temperature On Viscosity
  • V.5 Flow Behaviour Index
  • V.6 Melt Elasticity
  • V. 6.1 Extrudate swell
  • V. 6.2 Deformation of extrudates
  • V. 6.3 Principal normal stress difference (rllT-2
  • V. 6.4 Recoverable elastic shear stress (SR)
  • V.6.5 Elastic shear modulus (G)
  • V.7 Extrudate Morphology
  • Fig.V.3 SEM Photomicrograph of blend C, aggregates of EVA domains resting on NR surface.
  • Fig.V.10 Effect of shear rate and blend ratio on deformatian of extrudates..
  • Fig.V.11 Fiffect of blend ratio and silica content on the deformation of the extrudates.
  • Fig.V.12a Morphology of blend I extruded at a shear rate of 330 s-1. showing larger particle size.
  • Fig.V.12b Morphology of blend I extruded at a shearrate of 3330 s-. showing lower particle size.
  • Fig.V.12c Health and core structure of blend I
  • Fig.V.13 SEM Photomicrograph of blend H extruded at a shear rate of 330 s-1
  • Fig.V.14 SEM Photomicrograph of blend G extruded at a shear rate of 330 s
  • Fig.V.15 SEM Photomicrograph of blend F extruded at a shear rate of 330 s -
  • Fig.V.16 SEM Photomicrograph of blend D extruded at a shear rate of 330 s - l.
  • VI. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Silica Content On (A) Mechanical properties and degradation (B) Dynamic Mechanical Properties of NR-EVA Blends
  • VI.A.1 Effect Of Silica On Tensile And Tear Strength
  • VI. A.2 Modulus, Hardness And Abrasion Loss
  • VI. A.3 Effect On Compression Set
  • VI. A.4 Effect On Radiation Resistance
  • VI. A. 5 Effect On Ozone Resistance
  • VI B.1 Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Silica Filled Nr-Eva Blends
  • Fig. VI.A. 9 Photograph of blend C (80: 20 NR: EVA) havina different silica content after - 8 h and 85 h of exposure to ozoniseo air.
  • VII. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Cure System On Degradation Of Nr-Eva Blends
  • VII.1 Effect Of Thermal Ageing
  • VII. 2 Effect Of Υ -Radiation
  • VII.3 Effect Of Exposure To Ozone
  • Fig. VII.13 Photograph of NR vuIcanisates after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
  • Fig.VII.14 Photograph of blend B (90: 10 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
  • Fig.VII.15 Photograph of bIend C (80: 20 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
  • Fig. VII.16 Photograph of blend D [70: 30 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
  • VIII. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Fillers On The Cell Structure And Properties Of Microcellular Soles From Nr-Eva Blends
  • VIII.1 Cell Structure
  • VIII.1.1 Effect of blend ratio on cell structure
  • VIII.1.2 Effect of filler on cell Structure
  • VIII.2 Physical Properties
  • VIII. 2.1 Relative density and shrinkage
  • VIII.2.2 Hardness and compression set
  • VIII.2.3 Abrasion loss and split tear
  • VIII.2.4 Effect of filler on properties
  • FORMULATION OF COMPOUND MEETING BIS SPECIFICATIONS
  • Fig.VIII. 4 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (20: 80) blend.
  • Fig. VIII.5 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (0: 100) blend.
  • Fig.VIII.6 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (40: 60) clay filled blend.
  • Summary And Conclusions
  • References
  • List Of Publications From This Work